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Biology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell carry out its normal functions?

A

Growth 1

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2
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate and why is it before the cell divides?

A

S phase - before the cell divides so that the new cells have an exact complete set of chromosomes

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3
Q

What is the role of cyclins and kinases in the cell?

A

Control the cell

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4
Q

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Final growth and critical checkpoints before mitosis

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5
Q

What are the steps of mitosis in the correct order?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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6
Q

When in the cell cycle does the cytoplasm divide (what phase does it follow)?

A

Follows Telophase

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7
Q

What is the division of the cytoplasm called?

A

Cytokinesis

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8
Q

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

A

Haploid- 1 set of chromosomes, ex. include reproductive cells and gametes
Diploid- 2 sets of chromosomes, ex. include somatic/body cells

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9
Q

How many chromosome are found in human body cells?

A

46

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10
Q

When does crossing over take place?

A

Meiosis 1 (Prophase 1- when homologous chromosomes line up)

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11
Q

How does meiosis/crossing over help with the continuation of a species?

A

Provides genetic variation

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12
Q

Describe the process of Meiosis’s first phases of PMAT

A

Prophase 1- homologous chromosomes appear and crossing over occurs (leads to variation)
Metaphase 1- homologous chromosomes line up along the middle of the spindle
Anaphase 1- Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase 1- Spindle fibers disassemble and cell undergoes cytokineses and is ready for PMAT 2

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13
Q

Describe the process of meiosis 1

A

Division of homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

Describe the process of meiosis 2

A

Sister chromatids are divided to make four haploid cells

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15
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth

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16
Q

What effect do cancer cells have on other healthy cells?

A

Cancer cells deprive health cells of nutrients

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17
Q

What is the difference between a malignant and benign tumor?

A

Benign- doesn’t move

Malignant- moves to other parts of the body

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18
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cells that have not yet differentiated

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19
Q

What is/results from nondisjunction?

A

Failure of the chromosomes to separate correctly thus resulting in too many or too few chromosomes

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20
Q

What is a photo of an organism’s chromosomes called?

A

Karyotype

21
Q

Who was the father of genetics?

A

Mendel

22
Q

What are Mendel’s three laws?

A
  1. Law of Dominance- dominant allele is expressed when it is present
  2. Law of Independent Assortment- Allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation
  3. Law of Segregation- organism inherits 2 copies of each gene, one from each parent. Organisms can only donate one copy of each gene in their gametes
23
Q

Which of Mendel’s Laws is an explanation of the variation between species?

A

Law of Independent Assortment

24
Q

Which of Mendel’s Laws states that organism inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent?

A

Law of Segregation

25
Q

What is the genotype of a person with a recessive disorder?

A

Homozygous Recessive

26
Q

What do you call a distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited?

A

Trait

27
Q

What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?

A

Dominant- expressed if present in genotype

Recessive- only seen if a dominant allele is not present to mask it

28
Q

What chromosomes determine the sex of the offspring?

A

Sex Chromosomes

29
Q

What is the sex of a human with chromosomes “XX”?

A

Female

30
Q

What is the sex of a human with chromosomes “XY”?

A

Male

31
Q

With X-linked traits (such as colorblindness) why are males more often colorblind compared to females?

A

They only have one X chromosome

32
Q

What is the process that produces an exact copy of DNA?

A

Replication

33
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does the DNA replicate?

A

Synthesis

34
Q

What does semi-conservative mean?

A

Gives a copy- not original, translates to mRNA

35
Q

What do we call organisms that have altered genes or genomes

A

Genetically Engineered

36
Q

Which scientists discovered the shape and built a model of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

37
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

Double Helix/Twisted Ladder

38
Q

What are the base pairing rules for DNA?

A

A -> T

C -> G

39
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA is converted into mRNA

40
Q

Which enzyme builds and “proof reads” DNA while replicating?

A

DNA Polymers

41
Q

What does the central dogma state?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

42
Q

What are the three letter sequences in RNA called?

A

Codon

43
Q

What is a point mutation or a substitution?

A

Only one base is incorrect

44
Q

What is frame-shift mutation?

A

Base is either inserted or deleted (most destructive)

45
Q

Where in the eukaryotic cell is the DNA located?

A

Nucleus

46
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Nucleotides

47
Q

What is the difference between the three types of RNA?

A
  1. mRNA- carries message or instructions that will be changed into amino acids
  2. tRNA- carries/transfers amino acids to ribosomes
  3. rRNA- located in ribosomes & does the building
48
Q

What is the sequence of the entire DNA in an organism (every chromosome)?

A

Genome

Biology (10 decks)

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