EOC Vocab Flashcards
Anything detected with our senses
Observation
The variable changed
Independent variable
used to make a comparison
Control group
The question that needs to be solved
Problem
Variables held the same
Constants
The variable measured
Dependent variable
Answers the question of whether the experiment supported the hypothesis
Conclusion
Information gathered (all measurements and observations)
Data
Steps followed in an experiment
Procedures
A prediction or educated guess (if -> then)
Hypothesis
The dry weight of all the organic matter in an ecosystem
Biomass
The study of how organisms fit into their environment
Ecology
A community and the physical aspects (living and nonliving)
Ecosystem
Organisms that obtain energy from organic wastes
Detritivore
Animals that are both carnivores and herbivores
Omnivores
The place where an organism lives
Habitat
The organisms in a habitat
Biotic Factors
An animal that eats primary consumer
Herbivore
A graphic organizer based on the organism’s source of energy
Trophic level
When nitrogen is changed into a usuable form
Nitrogen Fixation
A stable/mature community
Climax community
Succession where life has not lived before
Primary succession
North or south of the equator
Latitude
Average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time
Climate
Interacting populations in an area
Community
Where fresh and salt water meet
Estuary
Regular progression of species replacement
Ecological succession
Restricts the number of organisms in an ecosystem
Limiting factors
The first organisms to live in a new habitat
Pioneer species
Succession that occurs in areas where there was previous growth
Secondary succession
Impacts population growth regardless of density
Density independent factor
Study of human populations
Demographics
Maximum number of individuals an environment can support
Carrying Capacity
The number of organisms in a per unit area
Population Density
Explains how fast a population grows
Population growth raete
affected by the number of individuals in an area
Density Dependent
Restricts the number of organisms in an ecosystem
Limiting factors
Movement of individuals into a population
Immigration
The way in which individuals are spread in an area
Dispersion
Movement of individuals out of a population
Emigration
Separation of ecosystems into small pieces of land
Habitat fragmentation
Use of living organisms to help clean pollution
Bioremediation
The last member of a species dies
Extinction
Excessive use of a species with economic value
Overexploitation
Variety of life in an area
Biodiversity
Materials and organisms found in the biosphere
Natural resources
Accumulation of toxins in upper trophic levels
Biological magnification
Excessive algae growth takes the oxygen out of the water
Eutrophication
Many species become extinct at once
Mass extinction
Replaced by natural processes
Renewable resources
Ph below 7
Acid
Speeds up chemical reactions (lock & key)
Enzymes (ase)
Attraction between substances of the same kind
Cohesion
when electrons are shared
Covalent bond
Fats/oils/waxes - not soluble in water / Made of amino acids
Lipids / Proteins
Negatively charged particles in an atom / Positively charged
Electron / Proton
The smallest unit of matter
Atom
Made of amino acids
Protein
Made of one type of atom
Elements
Substances dissolving the solute
Solvent
Fluid or plasma inside of the cell
Cytoplasm
The storage compartment within (mostly plant) cells
Vacuole
Cell w/ nucleus and complex organelles
Eukaryotes
Cell organelle that makes proteins out of amino acids
Ribosomes
cell part that is made of a lipid bilayer and is selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Control center of the cell
Nucleus
The cell organelle that packages and distribute molecules in the cell
Golgi body
The part of the cell that provides shape and supports skeleton
Cytoskeleton
Cell organelle that is the powerhouse
Mitochondria
Cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
Diffusion of water
Osmosis
Movement from high to low concentration
Diffusion
Diffusion that requires a carrier protein
Facilitated
Type of transport that requires energy
Active transport
Movement into the cell by a vesicle
Endocytosis
Movement out of a cell by a vesicle
Exocytosis
Higher solute outside the cell and causes water to to leave the cell
Hypertonic
Higher solute inside the cell and causes water to enter the cell
Hypotonic
Type of transport that does not require energy
Passive transport
Solute concentration - same inside and outside the cell - little water movement
`Equilibrium
Pigment that captures sunlight
Chlorophyll
Converting glucose into energy
Cellular Respiration
Make their own food
Autotrophs
Does not use oxygen - 2 ATP per glucose molecule
Anaerobic
Where photosynthesis occurs
Chloroplast
consumes other organisms for energy
Heterotrophs
Concerting sunlight into energy
Photosynthesis
Eats both plants and animals
Omnivore
Stores energy in phosphate bonds
ATP
Uses oxygen - produces 36 ATP per glucose molecule
Aerobic
2 parents are involved (not identical offspring)
Sexual
Term used when DNA is copied
Replication
Cell’s nucleus divides into two identical nuclei
Mitosis
Chromosomes become visible
Prophase
Chromosomes disappear
Telophase
Cell’s chromosome number is reduced by half
Meiosis
Chromosomes line up i the middle
Metaphase
One parent creates identical offspring
Asexual
Chromosomes move towards opposite poles
Anaphase
Cell’s cytoplasm divides
Cytokineses
Two alleles in a gene are different
Heterozygous
Science of heredity
Genetics
Organism’s genes
Genotypes
Allele expressed
Dominant
Passing of genetic traits
Heredity
Different versions of a gene
Alleles
Cross involving one trait
Monohybrid cross
Allele not expressed
Recessive
Organism’s physical appearance
Phenotype
Two alleles identical in a gene
Homozygous
How DNA copies itself
Replication
X - linked and Y - linked genes
Sex Chromosomes
Pairs with thymine
Adenine
Proved DNA is the genetic material
Hershey and Chase
Discovered DNA’s shape
Watson and Crick
Sequence of all DNA
Genome
Pairs with Guanine
Cytosine
Shows where genes are located
Gene map
Process of converting DNA into mRNA
Transcription
Process of converting mRNA into amino acid
Translation
Scientists who studies fossils
Paleontologist
Preserved or mineralized remains
Fossils
Take it takes for half an amount to decay
Half life
Use of radioisotopes to estimate an object
Radiometric dating
Movement of Earth’s land masses
Continental drift
Relationship in which both species benefit
Mutualism
Photosynthetic prokaryote (blue-green algae)
Cyanobacteria
Time period that shows a large meteorite impact
K-T boundary
Theory that life arises from nonlife
Spontaneous Generation
Theory that organisms produce other living organisms
Biogenisis
A change ins species over time
Evolution
An inherited trait that provides a selective advantage
Adaptation
Differences between individual members of a population
Variation
Structures that suggest a common ancestor is shared
Homologous structure
Theory of natural selection
Darwin’s theory
Theory of acquired traits
Lamark’s Theory
Gradual change of a species over time
Gradualism
Individuals most fit for the environment survive
Natural selection
Same species becomes isolated and changes over time
Reproductive isolation
Rapid changes in a species that are separated by periods of no change
Punctuated equilibrium
Overlapping fields of vision
Binocular
Active at night
Nocturnal
Early modern humans, beginning of hunter-gatherer
Cro-magnon
Evolved exclusively in Europe and Asia (buried dead)
Neanderthal
Active during the day
Diurnal
Walks upright on two legs
Bipedal
Thumb or great toe set apart from other digits
Opposable digit
Include all non-monkey primates
Hominoid
Lived in central and southern Africa (Lucy)
Australopithecine
Genus Homo (includes all living and extinct human-like bipedal primates)
Hominid
Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic - absorbs nutrients w/ chitin cell wall
Fungi
Unique name for an object
Classification
Evolutionary history of a species
Phylogeny
Broadest system of classification - includes kingdoms
Domain
Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic - no cell wall & most can move
Animalia
Science of naming
Taxonomy
System of classification one step down from Domain
Kingdom
Two part naming system using Latin
Binomial Nomenclature
Eukaryotic, unicellular or multi-cellular, plant/animal/fungus - like
Protista
Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, cell wall make of cellulose and contains chloroplast
Plantae
Motor that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
Carries blood away from the heart
Artery
Carrie blood towards the heart
Veins
Type of blood cells that carry oxygen
Red blood cells
Clogging of artery walls with plaque that prevent blood flow
Atherosclerosis
Control center of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord / nerves that carry message and extend throughout the body
Central nervous system / Peripheral nervous system
Nerve cell that carries an electrical signal throughout the nervous system
Neuron
Bell shaped part of the brain that coordinates movements (balance)
Cerebellum
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
Antenna or branching part of a nerve cell
Dendrite
Substance that can kill or inhibit growth of a microogranism
Antibiotic
White blood cells that fight infections
Lymphocytes
Cells that remember previous pathogens
Memory Cells
Contains killed or weakened pathogens
Immunization
Proteins that react with an invasive substance
Antibody
Causes infection/disease
Pathogen
Caused by pathogens
Infectious diseases
Antibody producing B lymphocytes
B cell
Lymphocyte that destroys pathogens
Cytotoxic T cell
Overactive immune response to the environment
Allergy
When an egg is released by an ovary
Ovulation
Produces sperm
Testes
Attaches ovary to uterus
Fallopian tube
Egg produced by females
Ovum (egg)
Egg attaches to uterus
Implantation
Carries nutrients from mother to embryo
Placenta
Cell formed when sperm fertilizes eggs
Zygote
Unborn offspring at end of 8th week
Fetus
Produces egg cells
Ovaries
Male reproductive cells / What is the tying of the Vas Deferns called
Sperm / Vasectomy
Tube-like structures that transports sugars / water throughout plant
Phloem / Xylem
Used for anchorage and storage by plants
Roots
Protects and nourishes a plant embryo
Seed
Fertilized plant ovary
Fruit
Evaporation of water vapor from leaves on hot days
Transpiration
Has vascular tissue
Vascular plants
No vascular tissue
Nonvascular (moss)
Cells that open and close the plant stomata
Guard cells
Organ where photosynthesis occurs
Leaf
Hair like structures on plant roots used for anchorization
Rhizoid
