3rd Nine Weeks Review Flashcards
Naturalist that came up with the Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
The process of humans breeding organisms for certain traits
Artificial Selection
Differences between members of a population
Variation
The theory that the environment selects which organisms are the most fit
Natural Selection
Structures that suggest a common ancestor
Homologous Structures
Structures that no longer have a function in organisms
Vestigial Structures
The movement of alleles from one population to another
Gene Flow
takes place when most of the population dies and then the species rebounds from the limited gene pool (Buffalo)
Bottleneck Effect
Takes place when a few members of a population become isolated from the rest of the population
Founder Effect
Takes place when two closely related species become increasingly different over time
Divergent Evolution
Takes place when unrelated species in similar environments develop similar traits
Convergent Evolution
An inherited Trait that provides a selective advantage
Adaptation
What did scientists learn from studying Australopithecus’s fossils?
Brain cavity size increases before large brains
What trend is seen Hominid evolution over time?
Brain cavity size increases
What separates modern Homo sapiens from or most recent predecessor?
Culture
Which Homo group coexisted with modern Homo sapiens?
Neanderthals
Which Homo group are Homo sapiens most closely related to?
Homo Ergaster
Which term means to walk on two feet?
Bipedalism
The science of naming and classifying organisms (communicable regardless of language)
Taxonomy
The two-part naming system used the Genus species format
Binomial Nomenclature (Genus is capitalized and italicized, species is lowercase and italicized as well)
The Domain containing the most abundant group of organisms on Earth
Bacteria
The Domain containing organisms that live in extreme environments
Archaeabacteria
The Domain containing organisms with a nucleus and organelles
Eukarya
Used to analyze evolutionary relationships among organisms
Cladistics
Heterotrophs, cell wall made of chitin
Fungi
Autotrophs, cell wall made of cellulose, contains chloroplast
Plants
The first name in binomial nomenclature that is capitalized
Genus
The most basic/specific unit in Linnaean classification system
species
Exact copy of an organism
Clone
Enzymes used to cut DNA apart; similar to molecular scissors
Restriction Enzymes
A type of restriction map used to identify a person
DNA Fingerprinting
Closed loops of DNA in some bacteria cells
Plasmids
The process of changing an organisms genes
Genetic Engineering
A tool used to separate DNA segments according to their size
Gel Electrophoresis
A concern scientists have about genetic engineered crops
Loss of Diversity
Organisms that have foreign DNA in their genome
Transgenic (Spiderman!)
A way genetic engineering has helped people with Diabetes
Making Human Insulin
Process of repairing a defective gene with a vector/virus
Gene Therapy
Technique used to replicate several copies of a section of DNA
Pelimerase
Chain
Reaction
Estimated age of the Earth
4.5 billion years old
Photosynthetic prokaryotes believed to create oxygen in the atmosphere
Cyanobacteria (Cyan = blue/green = sky)
Believed by scientist to be the original carrier of genetic information
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Experiment that created amino acids/organic molecules from inorganic molecules
Miller-Urey Experiment
Experiment that showed life doesn’t spontaneously generate but rather comes from life (curved flask)
Pasteur’s Experiment
Experiment that showed maggots come from flies; helping to prove biogenesis
Redi Experiment
Theory that magical ethers in the air enter an object causing it to become alive
Spontaneous Generation
Theory that living organisms produce other living organisms (life comes from life)
Biogenisis
The estimated age of the oldest fossils
3.8 billion years old
One organism living inside of another (mitochondria and chloroplast existing within a plant cell)
Endosymbiosis
The time period that shows a giant meteorite hit Earth
K-T Boundary
Plants the produce seeds in cones
Gymnosperm
Vascular tissue in plants that transports water (Mr. Griffith’s musical instrument)
Xylem
Evaporation of water from a leaf
Transpiration
Plants that produce seeds in fruit
Angiosperm
Vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars (food)
Phloem
Absorbs minerals, anchors plant to the ground, and stores food
Roots
Waxy covering on leaf to prevent water loss
Cuticle
Contains the plant embryo protects and nourishes the baby plant
Seed
Plant’s cell that open and closes the stomata
Guard Cells
Flower Part that produces the pollen
Anther
Flower’s male parts
Stamen
The part of the flower that produces the eggs
Ovary
Flower’s female parts
Pistil
