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Dermal Pharmacology/Immunology - Lec 1-5 > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH of stratum corneum?

A

4.5

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2
Q

What are 3 main differentiation specific proteins whose expression is controlled from the AP1 transcription site in the nucleus of the basal keratinocyte?

A

Involucrin
loricrin
transglutamase

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3
Q

2 main parts of the dermis?

A

Reticular and papillary

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4
Q

What promotes keratinocyte growth and proliferation?

A

Low calcium

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5
Q

What is the precursor to intercellular lipids?

A

Lamellar granules

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6
Q

Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

A

a second messenger

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7
Q

What activates CaR and PLC?

A

Vitamin D

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8
Q

What is the major protein in the dermis?

A

collagen

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9
Q

What is hydrolyzed during differentiation?

A

Phospholipids

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10
Q

What is in sebum?

A

Wax esters

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11
Q

What is fillagrin?

A

Part of the natural moisturizing factor.

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12
Q

What forms the cornified envelope?

A

Loricrin

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13
Q

What promotes epidermal differentiation?

A

High calcium

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14
Q

What is disodium oleamido MEA Sulfosuccinate?

A

A mild surfactant.

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15
Q

What is the mitotically active layer of epidermis?

A

stratum basale

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16
Q

What is cocoyl isethionate in?

A

Syndet bars

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17
Q

Where can multese crosses be found?

A

The Friberg model

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18
Q

What is TNF-alpha

A

An inflammatory cytokine

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19
Q

What is the Wertz/Downing theory?

A

Stacked monolayer model.

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20
Q

What are IL-4 and IL-5

A

The Th-2 class of T cells.

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21
Q

What is the horny layer?

A

Stratum Corneum

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22
Q

What is required for the 6nm lipid phase?

A

Saturated fatty acid

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23
Q

What is required for the 13nm phase?

A

Ceramide 1

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24
Q

What is sodium stearate?

A

Soap

25
Q

What is the sweat gland that indirectly produces body odor?

A

Apocrine gland

26
Q

What is onycholysis?

A

nail loss

27
Q

What are the differentiation specific keratins?

A

Keratins 1 and 10

28
Q

What are the proliferation specific keratins?

A

Keratins 5 and 14

29
Q

What is an infected eponychium?

A

hang nail

30
Q

What is in the lysine cross links?

A

Transglutaminase

31
Q

What is the sweat gland that produces sweat?

A

Ecrine gland

32
Q

What is in the basic to keratin coiled coil?

A

Heptad repeating unit.

33
Q

What are the 3 main classes of intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum and what are their relative amounts?

A

Ceramide
fatty acid
cholesterol
1:1:1

34
Q

What is the role of omega hydroxy ceramide in the development of the stratum corneum?

A

Forms the template by covalently attaching to the corneocyte envelope and allowing epidermal lipids to attach and form the lamellar phases.

35
Q

What is Michael’s Brick and Mortar?

A

Two compartment system - heterogenous protein and a homogenous lipid commonly called the brick and mortar model.

36
Q

What is the Friberg model?

A

Layered structure, lamellar liquid crystalline or hexagonal gel at normal relative humidity and skin temperature

37
Q

What is the Norlen model?

A

Single gel phase - single coherent lamellar gel phase with mixtures of hairpin and splayed arrangements of the ceramide 1 depending on water %

38
Q

What is the Forslind domain mosaic model?

A

Coexistant of a gel domain surrounded by liquid crystalline grain borders.

39
Q

What is the Bouwstras sandwich model?

A

A liquid sublattice is located in the center of the lipid layers surrounded by a crystalline layer on each side.

40
Q

What is the Kiselev Model?

A

Proposed multilamellar structure with mixtures of hairpin and splayed arrangements of the ceramide 1 depending on water %.

41
Q

Why does the CMC decrease as hydrophobic chain length increase?

A

The larger the hydrophobe, the more bulky it becomes and fewer molecules can then accumulate at the air water interface. Therefore, micelles are formed at a lower surfactant concentration because the interface becomes crowded with the bulky molecules at a lower concentration and the molecules in solution then micellize.

42
Q

What components are part of the natural moisturizing factor in the stratum corneum?

A

PCA
urea
lactic acid
filaggrin

43
Q

What is the prominent mode of action for urea?

A

Keratolytic

44
Q

What is the prominent mode of action for glycerine?

A

Humectancy

45
Q

What is the prominent mode of action for lactic acid?

A

Exfoliation

46
Q

What is the prominent mode of action for petrolatum?

A

Occlusive

47
Q

What instruments/techniques are used for cell turnover?

A

Dansyl chloride

48
Q

What instruments/techniques are used for reduction in dry scales?

A

Squamometry

49
Q

What instruments/techniques are used for hydration?

A

Corneometer

50
Q

What instruments/techniques are used for reduction in fine lines/surface contour?

A

Skin replicas and prolifometry to quantitate.

51
Q

Which cell type in the epidermis is involved in conferring color to the epidermis?

A

melanocyte

52
Q

What is the main protein in the top layer of skin?

A

keratin

53
Q

What is the dead cell in stratum corneum called?

A

corneocyte

54
Q

What cell type in the epidermis is responsible for the formation of the corneocyte?

A

keratinocyte

55
Q

What is the transit time of a differentiating cell through the stratum corneum to the surface?

A

14 days

56
Q

What is the transit time of a differentiating cell from the basal layer to the skin surface?

A

28 days

57
Q

What is the transit time of a differentiating cell through the epidermis in psoriatic skin?

A

5 days

58
Q

Describe the phase behavior of the SC lipids. (5 points)

A
  • X-ray diffraction pattern is consistent with existence of a 6 nm (SLP – short lamellar phase) and a 13 nm (LLP-long lamellar phase) periodicities
  • Ceramide-1 with the linoleic acid extension is required for formation of the LLP
  • Fatty acid is required for formation of the SLP
  • Addition of fatty acid to cholesterol / ceramide mixtures results in a transition from the hexagonal to the orthorhombic crystalline phase
  • Cholesterol stabilizes the phases from phase separation
59
Q

What is the possible disadvantage of a fully orthrhombic lipid structure and what is the disadvantage of a fully liquid crystalline or hexagonal structure that supports existence of a ‘balance of the two phases’ in stratum corneum?

A

A fully orthrombic structure can crack and become leaky therefore could result in no barrier to water loss at all. A fully liquid or hexagonal structure can lead to excess penetration of undesirables. A balance is required.

Dermal Pharmacology/Immunology - Lec 1-5 (12 decks)

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