MIDTERM review Flashcards
4 types of tissue in the human body
nervous
muscle
connective
epithelial
what is the cardiovascular system made of
heart, blood, blood vessels
what is an atom
basic unit of a chemical element
cations?
give away electrons - positively charged
aerobic reactions need
oxygen
anaerobic do not
synovial membrane vs serous membrane
synovial lines cavities of joints
serous lines body cavities that dont open to external environment
cutaneous vs mucous
cutaneous - covers entire body surface - epidermis and dermis
mucous - lines body cavities that open to external environment
characteristics of organic molecule cells
large and complex, CONTAIN CARBON
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
contains many RNA and proteins
mitosis phases in order
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cell junctions that create tunnels for communication are what junctions?
GAP junctions
uses proteins called connexins to form fluid filled tunnels called connexons
allow nerve impulses from muscular and nervous tissues to spread quicker
adherens junctions
use cadherins to join cells, form adhesion belts
desmosomes
made of protein called keratin, use spot welds
prevents skin cells from separating under tension
hemidesmosomes
link cells to basement membrane
order of layers in epidermis - deepest to superficial
basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum
what is keratinization
newly formed cells from basale are always moving up accumulating keratin, undergo apoptosis and die, moving up until they reach the surface and slough off
which layer of skin provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration
dermis
which layer of skin is made of keratinized squamous epithelium and 4 distinct cells
epidermis
what is the most common skin cell and what is the least common
keratinocytes - most common
tactile epithelial cells - least numerous
functions of integumentary system
thermoregulation
blood reservoir
protection
cutaneous sensations
excretion & absorption
synthesis of vitamin D
emotional expression
whats the muscle that attaches to the hair
arrector pili
what color would skin be if you had lots of melanin
darker skin
diff types of exocrine glands
sebaceous - oil
sudoriferous - sweat
ceruminous - wax
mammary - produce milk
what are the ends of bones called
epiphysis
what makes the extracellular matrix
in cells: protein fibers and ground substance
in bones: 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% crystalized mineral salts
arteries in bone entrances/ exits which area
blood vessels called Periosteal arteries and nerves enter bone through the periosteum via VOLKMAN’S PERFORATING CANALS
compact bone vs spongy bone
compact - outside of bone, composed of OSTEONS or Haversian systems
spongy - inside of bone - NO osteons
what are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification
development of cartilage model
growth of the cartilage model
primary ossification center develops
medullary cavity develops
secondary ossification centers develop
articular cartilage formed
what are intramembranous ossification steps (4)
ossification center develops
calcification occurs
formation of trabeculae
periosteum develops
what does endochondral ossification produce
produces cartilage
making bone from cartilage
what does intramembranous ossification produce
spongy bone
hormones responsible for growth
human growth hormone
insulin growth factors
thyroid
parathyroid
sex hormones
calcitonin
simple squamous description
one layer thick, thin flat tile shaped cell
what is an osteoclast
CONSUME BONE, BONE CARVERS
BONE RESORPTION
removes calcium from bone and deposits it into blood
what is an osteoblast
BONE BUILDERS
BONE DEPOSITION
takes calcium from the blood and deposits into bones
layers of medulla from inside out
medulla
cortex
cuticle of hair
epithelial internal root sheath
external root sheath
dermal root sheath
what is decomposition
taking one large molecule and breaking it down into two small molecules
what is in the cytoplasm
organelles fluids skeleton
everything BUT NUCLEUS and plasma membrane
3 proteins to do with plasma membrane
integral
transmembrane
peripheral
what do transmembrane proteins do
cross the entire membrane
what is tissue called when scar tissue damage is extensive
granulation tissue
what does tissue repair depend on
nutrition
blood circulation
age
what does the eccrine gland do
secrete watery solution
helps cool body down (thermoregulation)
helps with waste removal
what is the part of nail responsible for growth
nail matrix
cells divide mitotically here
region of nail growth
1mm per week
growth in length
usually complete by 18-21 years old
happens in womb, infancy, childhood
involves interstitial growth of cartilage at epiphyseal side of epiphyseal growth plate
what are the 4 zones of activity in the epiphyseal growth plate
zone of resting cartilage
zone of proliferating cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
zone of calcified cartilage
what can increase bone mineral density
regular weight bearing exercise
jumping
what makes bone from scratch
intramembranous ossification
what is bone remodelling carried out by
osteoclasts which are bone cells that resorb bone and dissolve in its minerals
osteoblasts - bone cells that make the new bone matrix
where does growth in bone happen
epiphyseal plate in metaphysis
when growth is complete the plate grows over and becomes epiphyseal line
describe periosteum
tough outer covering of the entire bone
rich blood supply
nourishes bone tissue
assists in fracture repair
attachment point for tendons
contains osteoblasts
attached to underlying tissue by Sharpey’s Fibers
what is perichondrium
dense irregular CT that surrounds cartilage
what is periosteum
dense layer of CT that covers bone
what are the 4 distinct bone cells
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes
4 steps of how intramembranous ossification occurs
ossification center develops
calcification occurs
formation of trabeculae
periosteum
endochondral ossification produces what
cartilage
