Lecture 1 Flashcards
name the levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
define negative feedback loop
reverses a change, brings the body back to normal limits
**reverse back to original condition
define positive feedback loop
bringing/pushing the body outside normal limits
**enhancing original conditions
list the 4 body cavities
cranial, vertebral canal, thoracic, abdominopelvic
what organ system controls B and T cells
Lymphatic
list components that make up skeletal system
bones, cartilage, joints
what is included in the integumentary system
skin, nails, hair
list the 11 body systems
skeletal, muscular, endocrine, reproduction, urinary, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, nervous, integumentary
list some organs in the RUQ
liver, gallbladder, right kidney,
list some organs in the LUQ
stomach, spleen, pancreas, diaphragm
list some organs in the RLQ
appendix, cecum, ovaries, uterus
list some organs in the LLQ
small intestine, rectum, bladder
list the 5 types of fluid in the body
1)cerebrospinal fluid
2)aqueous
3)blood plasma
4)synovial
5)lymph
list the 6 characteristics of the human body
reproduction
growth
movement
responsiveness
metabolism
differentiation
define metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
ex) turning food to energy
list the 4 types of tissue and describe each
epithelial - covers body surfaces(skin)
connective -connects, supports, delivers blood
muscular - contracts to generate heat & move body parts
nervous - carries info throughout the body via impulses
describe continuous tension
vs
discontinuous tension
continuous= muscle and fascia
discontinuous = bones
define what a feedback system is
used to control and regulate body processes
RECEPTOR-CONTROL CENTER - EFFECTOR
where does a visceral membrane occur in the body
covers organs
where does a parietal membrane occur in the body
lines cavity walls (inside abdomen)
list some examples of cells in our bodies
nerves
muscle
liver
epithelial
define homeostasis
the body’s state of balance
** maintaining fluid is one of the most vital aspects**
define tensegrity
an action in one part of your body will affect another part
STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION
huge rule of A&P
what are some organs in the RUQ
liver
gallbladder
kidney
what are some organs in the LUQ
stomach
spleen
pancreas
duodenum
name some organs in the RLQ
appendix
cecum
ovaries
uterus
name some organs in the LLQ
rectum
bladder
anus
small intestine
what quadrant / region is the liver located
right upper quadrant
right hypochondriac region
list the 9 abdominopelvic regions and an organ in each
right hypochondriac - liver
epigastric - stomach
left hypochondriac - spleen
right lumbar - gallbladder
umbilical - umbilicus
left lumbar - descending colon
right inguinal - appendix
hypogastric - bladder
left inguinal - sigmoid colon
define octet rule ** on test**
electrons always want to be paired to create stability
define isotope
an atom with the same number of protons, but diff number of neutrons
define ion
atom or molecule that has lost or gained electrons
define cation
give away electrons (+ charged)
anion
gained/stole electrons (- charged)
name 1 major function of the cardiovascular system
pumps blood
define digestion
the breaking down and absorbing of food into substances that can be used in the body
what makes up the skeletal system
bone, cartilage, joints
name some glands of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
thalamus
hypothalamus
thyroid
what is the outermost shell called
valance
The ____________________ determines what the element is
number of protons in the nucleus
_______ determine isotopes
neutrons
what is an atom
the basic unit of a chemical element made of protons, neutrons and electrons
what is a proton
positively charged electron
what is a neutron
neutrally charged electron
what is a electron
negatively charged
where are atoms most stable
outermost shell, VALENCE
mass number =
protons + neutrons
what is our body made up of
96%
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
what kind of bond shares electrons
covalent
which bond doesnt involve sharing electrons
hydrogen
what is a chemical reaction
it happens when old bonds are broken and new ones are formed
define exergonic reactions
reaction that releases energy
define endergonic reactions
reaction that requires energy
what is the law of conservation of energy
energy can neither be created or destroyed, but transformed or transferred from one form to another
what is a catalyst
a chemical compound that speeds up a chemical reaction, made of enzymes that is usually a protein
what are the 3 factors that affect a chemical reaction
1) increase in temperature
2) increase in concentrations
3) a catalyst
what are the 3 types of mixtures
solution
colloid
suspension
what is the pH of our blood
7.35-7.45
buffer systems convert STRONG ACIDS into WEAK ACIDS OR BASES **on test*
what is a chemical element
a substance that cant be further broken down
what is a molecule
group of atoms bonded together
what is a compound
substance that contains two or more different elements
what is a free radical
an atom with an unpaired electron in its valence
reactive and unstable
what is an ionic bond
a bond formed by a positive and negative charge
what is an electrolyte
an ion that breaks apart into it’s negative and positive parts in a solution
difference between polar and non polar covalent bonds
polar= unequal
non polar = equal
define anaerobic and aerobic reactions
an= reactions that do NOT require oxygen
ae= reactions that require oxygen
what are the four types of chemical reactions
1)synthesis
2) decomposition
3) exchange
4) reversible
define catabolism and anabolism
cata= reactions that break down large molecules to smaller ones
ana= reactions that build up larger, complex molecules
what does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean
hyrophilic = water loving, easily dissolvable
hydrophobic = doesnt like water, doesnt dissolve easily
which metabolic reactions uses water ? which doesnt?
hydrolysis: needs water
dehydration: makes water
what does pH scale measure
the concentration of (H+) or (OH-) ions
what is the most common buffer system in our body
carbonic acid - bicarbonate
what are the 3 types of carbohydrates
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
what is stored within or on a nucleic acid?
genetic information
where is DNA and RNA found
DNA= inside of nucleus
RNA= inside cytoplasm
what is the most common form of energy the body uses ?
ATP
what is a phospholipid
a molecule with a polar end and non polar end that makes up cell membranes
occurring in a cell membrane
name the 5 types of lipids
1) fatty acids
2) triglycerides
3) phospholipids
4) steroids
5)eicosanoids
define triglycerides
protects insulates and provides energy
most highly concentrated form of chemical energy available
what is a protein (peptide)
large molecule constructed of amino acids bonded together
what are the two broad categories of proteins
fibrous - insoluble in water
globular - soluble
what are 6 protein functions
structural - forms framework, like collagen
regulatory - makes hormones
contractile - allows muscle contraction
immunobiological - make antibodies
transport - carry vital substances
catalytic - act as enzyme to speed up chemical reactions
list some cellular activities that require energy
muscle contraction
movement of structures inside of a cell
movement of chromosomes during cell division
