lecture 3 & 4 Flashcards
list the 4 basic tissue types
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
list each type of cellular junction (5)
tight
adherens
desmosomes
hemidesmosome
gap
what is the difference between edothelium and mesothelium
edno lines the entire circulatory system
mesothelium lines body cavities
where would a simple cell be in the body
blood vessels
heart
where would a stratified cell occur in the body
lining of the mouth
where would a pseudostratified cell occur in the body
upper respiratory tract
where would a squamous cell occur
sweat glands
where would a cuboidal cell occur
kidneys
where would a columnar cell occur
G.I tract
what are two types of epithelial glands and what makes them different
endocrine - secretes hormones into the bloodstream
exocrine - secrets hormones in ducts
(mucous, sweat, oil)
define epithelial membrane
combines 2 or more tissues make an organ with all 4 tissue types
simplest organ of the body
what are the 4 types of membranes
mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial
where does a mucous membrane occur
digestive tract
respiratory tract
where does a serous membrane occur
pleura
pericardium
where does a cutaneous membrane occur
covers the entire body
where does a synovial membrane occur
knee
elbow
what does the mucous membrane do
line interior body surfaces that do not open to the outside
what do the serous membrane do
does not open to external environment
lines some internal surfaces
what are 2 main components of connective tissue
cells
extracellular matrix (found between cells)
what are the 6 cells of connective tissue
fibroblasts
macrophages
plasma cells
mast cells/eosinophils
adipocytes
leukocytes
list the different types of connective tissue (4)
embryonic
mature
supporting
liquid
what are the protein fibres
collagen
elastic
reticular
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue and where do they occur in the body
skeletal - throughout the body - VOLUNTARY
cardiac - heart muscle - INVOLUNTARY
smooth - lines blood vessels, stomach - INVOLUNTARY
what is the difference between neurons and neuroglia
neurons PRODUCE nerve impulses
neuroglia NO nerve impulses
what is fibrosis
scar tissue in CT
what is granulation tissue
scar tissue when damage is extensive in CT
what happens in aging to epithelial cells
get thinner
what happens in aging to connective tissue
becomes fragile
what happens in aging in muscle cells
loss of strength and mass
what happens in aging in nervous cells
action potentials become less efficient
what is a eukaryotic cell
complex cells WITH a nucleus
3 main parts of every cell body
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
what are the functions of the plasma membrane
acts as a barrier separating the inside and outside of the cell
controls the flow of substances in and out of cell
helps identify cells
participates in intercellular communication
what is the fluid mosaic model
the model states that the molecules of the membrane are continually moving depending on conditions
they include many proteins and act as gatekeepers letting some materials in and out of the cell
phagocytosis =
cell eating
what is aptosis
the normal life span of a cell
what are the 4 phases of mitosis **
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytoskeleton filaments include what 3 things
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
what is a telomere
caps at the end of DNA strands to keep them from being destroyed by cells
they decide how long we live
transport in and out of the cell via vesicles is called?
receptor mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis
bulk phase endocytosis
explain concentration gradient
substances are always moving down their gradient moving from high to low concentration
what are the functions of membrane proteins
form ion channels
act as carriers
act as a receptor
act as an enzyme
linkers
cell identity markers
what lines hollow organs
epithelial tissue
hypotonic vs hypertonic
hypo- RBC swells, bursts and dies - too much water
hyper - RBC shrinks and dies - not enough water
what is the plasma membrane
outer cell membrane that controls what enters or exits the cell
if it has a specific function - it has an organelle **
ATP is the currency for everything
4 functions of lysosomes
digest substances
autophagy
autolysis
extracellular digestion
define cell junctions
the ways cells connect together
the plasma membranes come into contact and they communicate and share nutrients
what are connexons
type of protein in a gap junction
fluid filled tunnel that connects cells allowing communication
functions of epithelial tissue (4)
protects
secretes
absorbs
excretes
what does endothelium line
the entire circulatory system
(simple squamous)
what does mesothelium line
lines body cavities
simple squamous in serious membranes like pericardium
what makes up the basement membrane (2)
basil lamina
reticular lamina
what 3 components make up tissues
epithelium
basement membrane
connective tissue
what is a merocrine gland do
release contents into vesicles in the cell then out of the cell (no damage to cell)
what do apocrine glands do
release contents into cell by pinching off a portion
partial damage
what is a holocrine gland
release their contents when cell dies
whole cell dies
functions of CT
binds tissues together
supports tissues
strengthens other tissues
protects and insulates
internal organs
major transport system in the body (blood)
stores energy reserves
main source for immune responses
where is the extracellular matrix found and what is it made of
between the cells, made of protein fibres and ground substance
what are some cells in CT
fibroblasts
leukocytes
adipocytes
osteocytes
macrophages
plasma cells
mast cells
what is ground substance
a fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous substance that supports surrounding cells and binds them together
what does ground substance contain
water
hyaluronic acid
proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans
what cells are excitable
neurons
muscle fibres
have the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals called ACTION POTENTIALS
Phagocytes =
CLEAN UP CREW
when tissue is damaged if there is enough OG functional tissue left, repair is possible, the remaining tissue forms a new type called ?
fibrosis or scar tissue
when damage is extensive, the OG functional tissue left forms new blood vessels and makes new collagen fibres to produce a new type of CT called
granulation tissue
- this tissue forms across a wound to provide framework to support epithelial cells that come to fill the gaps, the beginning of a scar
most common tissue diseases are autoimmune diseases **
they occur when our antibodies fail to recognize good tissue from diseased tissue and attack all tissue
rheumatoid arthritis is the most common autoimmune disease
list some cells found in the body (10)
bone
nerve
sex
endothelial
cancer
pancreatic
blood
fat
skin
stem
