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A&P RMT > lecture 3 & 4 > Flashcards

lecture 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

list the 4 basic tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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2
Q

list each type of cellular junction (5)

A

tight
adherens
desmosomes
hemidesmosome
gap

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3
Q

what is the difference between edothelium and mesothelium

A

edno lines the entire circulatory system

mesothelium lines body cavities

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4
Q

where would a simple cell be in the body

A

blood vessels
heart

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5
Q

where would a stratified cell occur in the body

A

lining of the mouth

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6
Q

where would a pseudostratified cell occur in the body

A

upper respiratory tract

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7
Q

where would a squamous cell occur

A

sweat glands

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8
Q

where would a cuboidal cell occur

A

kidneys

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9
Q

where would a columnar cell occur

A

G.I tract

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10
Q

what are two types of epithelial glands and what makes them different

A

endocrine - secretes hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine - secrets hormones in ducts

(mucous, sweat, oil)

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11
Q

define epithelial membrane

A

combines 2 or more tissues make an organ with all 4 tissue types

simplest organ of the body

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of membranes

A

mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial

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13
Q

where does a mucous membrane occur

A

digestive tract
respiratory tract

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14
Q

where does a serous membrane occur

A

pleura
pericardium

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15
Q

where does a cutaneous membrane occur

A

covers the entire body

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16
Q

where does a synovial membrane occur

A

knee
elbow

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17
Q

what does the mucous membrane do

A

line interior body surfaces that do not open to the outside

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18
Q

what do the serous membrane do

A

does not open to external environment

lines some internal surfaces

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19
Q

what are 2 main components of connective tissue

A

cells

extracellular matrix (found between cells)

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20
Q

what are the 6 cells of connective tissue

A

fibroblasts
macrophages
plasma cells
mast cells/eosinophils
adipocytes
leukocytes

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21
Q

list the different types of connective tissue (4)

A

embryonic
mature
supporting
liquid

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22
Q

what are the protein fibres

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

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23
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue and where do they occur in the body

A

skeletal - throughout the body - VOLUNTARY

cardiac - heart muscle - INVOLUNTARY

smooth - lines blood vessels, stomach - INVOLUNTARY

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24
Q

what is the difference between neurons and neuroglia

A

neurons PRODUCE nerve impulses

neuroglia NO nerve impulses

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25
Q

what is fibrosis

A

scar tissue in CT

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26
Q

what is granulation tissue

A

scar tissue when damage is extensive in CT

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27
Q

what happens in aging to epithelial cells

A

get thinner

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28
Q

what happens in aging to connective tissue

A

becomes fragile

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29
Q

what happens in aging in muscle cells

A

loss of strength and mass

30
Q

what happens in aging in nervous cells

A

action potentials become less efficient

31
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell

A

complex cells WITH a nucleus

32
Q

3 main parts of every cell body

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

33
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

A

acts as a barrier separating the inside and outside of the cell

controls the flow of substances in and out of cell

helps identify cells

participates in intercellular communication

34
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

the model states that the molecules of the membrane are continually moving depending on conditions

they include many proteins and act as gatekeepers letting some materials in and out of the cell

35
Q

phagocytosis =

A

cell eating

36
Q

what is aptosis

A

the normal life span of a cell

37
Q

what are the 4 phases of mitosis **

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

38
Q

cytoskeleton filaments include what 3 things

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

39
Q

what is a telomere

A

caps at the end of DNA strands to keep them from being destroyed by cells

they decide how long we live

40
Q

transport in and out of the cell via vesicles is called?

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis

bulk phase endocytosis

41
Q

explain concentration gradient

A

substances are always moving down their gradient moving from high to low concentration

42
Q

what are the functions of membrane proteins

A

form ion channels
act as carriers
act as a receptor
act as an enzyme
linkers
cell identity markers

43
Q

what lines hollow organs

A

epithelial tissue

44
Q

hypotonic vs hypertonic

A

hypo- RBC swells, bursts and dies - too much water

hyper - RBC shrinks and dies - not enough water

45
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

outer cell membrane that controls what enters or exits the cell

46
Q

if it has a specific function - it has an organelle **

A
47
Q

ATP is the currency for everything

A
48
Q

4 functions of lysosomes

A

digest substances
autophagy
autolysis
extracellular digestion

49
Q

define cell junctions

A

the ways cells connect together

the plasma membranes come into contact and they communicate and share nutrients

50
Q

what are connexons

A

type of protein in a gap junction
fluid filled tunnel that connects cells allowing communication

51
Q

functions of epithelial tissue (4)

A

protects
secretes
absorbs
excretes

52
Q

what does endothelium line

A

the entire circulatory system

(simple squamous)

53
Q

what does mesothelium line

A

lines body cavities

simple squamous in serious membranes like pericardium

54
Q

what makes up the basement membrane (2)

A

basil lamina
reticular lamina

55
Q

what 3 components make up tissues

A

epithelium
basement membrane
connective tissue

56
Q

what is a merocrine gland do

A

release contents into vesicles in the cell then out of the cell (no damage to cell)

57
Q

what do apocrine glands do

A

release contents into cell by pinching off a portion

partial damage

58
Q

what is a holocrine gland

A

release their contents when cell dies

whole cell dies

59
Q

functions of CT

A

binds tissues together

supports tissues

strengthens other tissues

protects and insulates

internal organs

major transport system in the body (blood)

stores energy reserves

main source for immune responses

60
Q

where is the extracellular matrix found and what is it made of

A

between the cells, made of protein fibres and ground substance

61
Q

what are some cells in CT

A

fibroblasts
leukocytes
adipocytes
osteocytes
macrophages
plasma cells
mast cells

62
Q

what is ground substance

A

a fluid, semi fluid, gelatinous substance that supports surrounding cells and binds them together

63
Q

what does ground substance contain

A

water
hyaluronic acid
proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans

64
Q

what cells are excitable

A

neurons
muscle fibres

have the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals called ACTION POTENTIALS

65
Q

Phagocytes =

A

CLEAN UP CREW

66
Q

when tissue is damaged if there is enough OG functional tissue left, repair is possible, the remaining tissue forms a new type called ?

A

fibrosis or scar tissue

67
Q

when damage is extensive, the OG functional tissue left forms new blood vessels and makes new collagen fibres to produce a new type of CT called

A

granulation tissue

  • this tissue forms across a wound to provide framework to support epithelial cells that come to fill the gaps, the beginning of a scar
68
Q

most common tissue diseases are autoimmune diseases **

A

they occur when our antibodies fail to recognize good tissue from diseased tissue and attack all tissue

rheumatoid arthritis is the most common autoimmune disease

69
Q

list some cells found in the body (10)

A

bone
nerve
sex
endothelial
cancer
pancreatic
blood
fat
skin
stem

70
Q
A

A&P RMT (7 decks)

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