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Biology > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

made of monomers

A

polymers

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2
Q

process of uniting monomers to make a polymer by removing water

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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3
Q

process of breaking down a polymer; water is added to break the covalent bond

A

Hydrolysis

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4
Q

elements of carbohydrates

A

C, H, O

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5
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

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6
Q

makes plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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7
Q

Polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharide

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8
Q

stores plant energy

A

Starches

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9
Q

stores animal energy

A

Glycogen

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10
Q

solid fatty acid

A

Saturated Fat

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11
Q

elements of nucleic acid

A

C, H, O, N, P

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12
Q

monomer of nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

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13
Q

elements of lipids

A

C, H, O

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14
Q

monomer of lipids

A

fatty acid

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15
Q

liquid fatty acid

A

Unsaturated Fat

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16
Q

man-made fatty acid

A

Trans Fat

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17
Q

elements of proteins

A

C, H, O, N

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18
Q

monomer of proteins

A

Amino Acid

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19
Q

polymer of proteins

A

proteins, polypeptide

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20
Q

special proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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21
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

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22
Q

rough: transports proteins
smooth: transports lipids and carbs

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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23
Q

made of protein and RNA molecules, site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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24
Q

transports vesicles
modifies proteins made by ER
stacks of flat sacs

A

Golgi Body

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25
Q

generates spindle fibers (only animal cells)

A

centrioles

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26
Q

contains enzymes that break down food, water, worn out cell parts and invaders

A

lysosomes

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27
Q

uses CO2
occurs in the stroma
produces glucose

A

Calvin Cycle (Light Dependent Reaction) (Dark Reaction)

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28
Q

uses H20 and sunlight
produces O2

A

Light Dependent Reaction

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29
Q

Result of Fermentation (animal)

A

Lactic Acid

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30
Q

Result of Fermentation (plant)

A

Ethenol

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31
Q

Result of Electron Transport Chain

A

34 ATPs

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32
Q

What does the Kreb Cycle require

A

CO2 and 2 pyruvates

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33
Q

what does the Kreb Cycle produce

A

NADH

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34
Q

what does 2 pyruvates produce

A

2 ATPs

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35
Q

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable

A

Osmosis

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36
Q

the more concentrated solution

A

Hypertonic

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37
Q

the less concentrated solution

A

Hypotonic

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38
Q

when solutions’ concentrations are equal

A

Isotonic

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39
Q

pressure exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

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40
Q

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
NO ENERGY USED

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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41
Q

movement of materials in the opposite direction in which materials would normally move
ENERGY USED

A

Active Transport

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42
Q

process of taking material into the cell by infolding of pockets of the cell membrane (vesicle)

A

Endocytosis

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43
Q

cell engulfs a large particle

A

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

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44
Q

tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid

A

Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

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45
Q

showed DNA, not protein is genetic material

A

Hershey and Chase (1952)

46
Q

used x-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin (1952)

47
Q

discovered shape of double helix as well as structure

A

Watson and Crick (1953)

48
Q

Deoxyribonucleicacid

A

DNA

49
Q

composed of nucleotides which are the basic building blocks of all nucleic acids

A

DNA

50
Q

subunit of nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

51
Q
  1. nitrogen base
  2. phospate group
  3. simple sugar
A

Parts of a nucleotide

52
Q

Adenine
Guanine

A

Purines (double-ringed)

53
Q

Thymine
Cytosine

A

Pyrimidines (single-ringed)

54
Q

DNA base pairings

A

Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

55
Q

“unzips” the DNA at replication fork

A

Helicase

56
Q

keeps the DNA from recoiling

A

Topisomerase

57
Q

builds new DNA strand from (5’ to 3’)

A

DNA polymerase

58
Q

tells polymerase where to start

A

Primase

59
Q

“glues” the okazaki fragments on lagging strand

A

Rigase

60
Q

chromatin appears as chromosomes
nuclear membrane appears
nucleous disappears
spindle fibers appear

A

Prophase

61
Q

chromosomes line up in middle of cell
spindle fibers attach at centromere

A

Metaphase

62
Q

chromotids are pulled to opposite poles

A

Anaphase

63
Q

nuclear membrane reappears
nucleolus reappears
chromosomes become long thin
chromatin
spindle fibers disappear

A

Telophase

64
Q

divides cell in two (animal)

A

cleavage furrow

65
Q

divides cell in two (plant)

A

cell plate

66
Q

carries nucleotide sequence from nucleus to ribosome

A

mRNA

67
Q

picks up amino acid in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosome

A

tRNA

68
Q

joins mRNA and tRNA; forms proteins

A

rRNA

69
Q
  1. DNA Helicase unzips DNA
  2. RNA Polymerase binds new bases
  3. Single strand of RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus thru a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm
  4. DNA in the nucleus “zips” back up
A

Transcription (in the nucleus)

70
Q
  1. mRNA in the cytoplasm signals the ribosome to attach
  2. tRNA carrying the anticodon picks correct amino acid and carries it to the ribosome
  3. proteins are linked by peptide bonds
A

Translation (in the cytoplasm OR @ the ribosomes)

71
Q

group of genes the operate together

A

operon

72
Q

DNA sequence that allows a gene to be transcripted by helping RNA polymerase find where a gene starts

A

promoter

73
Q

DNA sequence that turns gene “on” or “off”

A

operator

74
Q

a substance that acts on an operon to inhibit messenger RNA synthesis

A

Repressor

75
Q

unneeded genes that are spliced out

A

Introns

76
Q

genes left over after genes are spliced out

A

Exons

77
Q

control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo

A

Hox genes

78
Q

mutation in a single gene

A

Gene mutation

79
Q

changes in a whole chromosome

A

Chromosomal mutation

80
Q

altered mRNA codon codes for the same amino acid

A

Silent mutation

81
Q

altered mRNA codon codes for a different amino acid

A

Missense mutation

82
Q

altered mRNA codon codes for a stop codon

A

Nonsense mutations

83
Q

one base replaces another

A

Substitution mutation

84
Q

insertion or deletion of a nucleotide shifts the grouping of codons

A

Frameshift mutation

85
Q

involve loss of all or part of a chromosome

A

Deletion Mutation

86
Q

results from unequal crossing over; produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome

A

Gene duplication

87
Q

reverse in the direction of parts of chromosomes

A

Inversions

88
Q

results from the exchange of DNA segments between non-homologous chromosomes

A

Translocation

89
Q

helps position RNA polymerase

A

TATA box

90
Q

anything chemical,physical, or biological that causes mutations

A

mutagens

91
Q

form of cell division that produces reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes

A

Meiosis

92
Q

chromosomes that share the same gene but different alleles

A

Homologous chromosomes

93
Q

two homologous chromosomes that join together during Metaphase

A

Tetrad

94
Q

a normal body cell

A

Somatic cell

95
Q

sperm or egg

A

Sex cell

96
Q

alternate forms of the same gene

A

Alleles

97
Q

cells with a full set of chromosomes (2n)

A

Diploid

98
Q

cells with half set of chromosomes (n)

A

Haploid

99
Q

cells produced after meiosis in females

A

Oocyte

100
Q

cells produced after meiosis in males

A

Spermatocyte

101
Q

cell that doesn’t receive cytoplasm and organelles and eventually degenerates

A

Polar body

102
Q

when plants self pollinate, all their offspring are the same variety

A

True breeding

103
Q

mating or crossing of two varieties

A

Hybridization

104
Q

a cross between two parents that breed true for different versions of the same gene

A

Monohybridization

105
Q

true breeding parents

A

P generation

106
Q

hybrid offspring of the P generation

A

F1 generation

107
Q

offspring from the self fertilization of the F1 hybrids

A

F2 generation

108
Q

hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype

A

Law of Dominance

109
Q

during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

A

Law of Segregation

110
Q

that a pair of trait segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation

A

Law of Independent Assortment

111
Q

results in a mixing of traits

A

Incomplete Dominance

112
Q

results in both traits being equally expressed

A

Codominance

Biology (7 decks)

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