Midterm Review Flashcards
made of monomers
polymers
process of uniting monomers to make a polymer by removing water
Dehydration Synthesis
process of breaking down a polymer; water is added to break the covalent bond
Hydrolysis
elements of carbohydrates
C, H, O
Monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
makes plant cell walls
Cellulose
Polymer of carbohydrates
polysaccharide
stores plant energy
Starches
stores animal energy
Glycogen
solid fatty acid
Saturated Fat
elements of nucleic acid
C, H, O, N, P
monomer of nucleic acid
nucleotide
elements of lipids
C, H, O
monomer of lipids
fatty acid
liquid fatty acid
Unsaturated Fat
man-made fatty acid
Trans Fat
elements of proteins
C, H, O, N
monomer of proteins
Amino Acid
polymer of proteins
proteins, polypeptide
special proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
enzymes
mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
Endosymbiotic Theory
rough: transports proteins
smooth: transports lipids and carbs
Endoplasmic Reticulum
made of protein and RNA molecules, site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
transports vesicles
modifies proteins made by ER
stacks of flat sacs
Golgi Body
generates spindle fibers (only animal cells)
centrioles
contains enzymes that break down food, water, worn out cell parts and invaders
lysosomes
uses CO2
occurs in the stroma
produces glucose
Calvin Cycle (Light Dependent Reaction) (Dark Reaction)
uses H20 and sunlight
produces O2
Light Dependent Reaction
Result of Fermentation (animal)
Lactic Acid
Result of Fermentation (plant)
Ethenol
Result of Electron Transport Chain
34 ATPs
What does the Kreb Cycle require
CO2 and 2 pyruvates
what does the Kreb Cycle produce
NADH
what does 2 pyruvates produce
2 ATPs
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
Osmosis
the more concentrated solution
Hypertonic
the less concentrated solution
Hypotonic
when solutions’ concentrations are equal
Isotonic
pressure exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
NO ENERGY USED
Facilitated Diffusion
movement of materials in the opposite direction in which materials would normally move
ENERGY USED
Active Transport
process of taking material into the cell by infolding of pockets of the cell membrane (vesicle)
Endocytosis
cell engulfs a large particle
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid
Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
showed DNA, not protein is genetic material
Hershey and Chase (1952)
used x-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin (1952)
discovered shape of double helix as well as structure
Watson and Crick (1953)
Deoxyribonucleicacid
DNA
composed of nucleotides which are the basic building blocks of all nucleic acids
DNA
subunit of nucleic acid
nucleotide
- nitrogen base
- phospate group
- simple sugar
Parts of a nucleotide
Adenine
Guanine
Purines (double-ringed)
Thymine
Cytosine
Pyrimidines (single-ringed)
DNA base pairings
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
“unzips” the DNA at replication fork
Helicase
keeps the DNA from recoiling
Topisomerase
builds new DNA strand from (5’ to 3’)
DNA polymerase
tells polymerase where to start
Primase
“glues” the okazaki fragments on lagging strand
Rigase
chromatin appears as chromosomes
nuclear membrane appears
nucleous disappears
spindle fibers appear
Prophase
chromosomes line up in middle of cell
spindle fibers attach at centromere
Metaphase
chromotids are pulled to opposite poles
Anaphase
nuclear membrane reappears
nucleolus reappears
chromosomes become long thin
chromatin
spindle fibers disappear
Telophase
divides cell in two (animal)
cleavage furrow
divides cell in two (plant)
cell plate
carries nucleotide sequence from nucleus to ribosome
mRNA
picks up amino acid in cytoplasm and carries them to ribosome
tRNA
joins mRNA and tRNA; forms proteins
rRNA
- DNA Helicase unzips DNA
- RNA Polymerase binds new bases
- Single strand of RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus thru a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm
- DNA in the nucleus “zips” back up
Transcription (in the nucleus)
- mRNA in the cytoplasm signals the ribosome to attach
- tRNA carrying the anticodon picks correct amino acid and carries it to the ribosome
- proteins are linked by peptide bonds
Translation (in the cytoplasm OR @ the ribosomes)
group of genes the operate together
operon
DNA sequence that allows a gene to be transcripted by helping RNA polymerase find where a gene starts
promoter
DNA sequence that turns gene “on” or “off”
operator
a substance that acts on an operon to inhibit messenger RNA synthesis
Repressor
unneeded genes that are spliced out
Introns
genes left over after genes are spliced out
Exons
control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo
Hox genes
mutation in a single gene
Gene mutation
changes in a whole chromosome
Chromosomal mutation
altered mRNA codon codes for the same amino acid
Silent mutation
altered mRNA codon codes for a different amino acid
Missense mutation
altered mRNA codon codes for a stop codon
Nonsense mutations
one base replaces another
Substitution mutation
insertion or deletion of a nucleotide shifts the grouping of codons
Frameshift mutation
involve loss of all or part of a chromosome
Deletion Mutation
results from unequal crossing over; produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome
Gene duplication
reverse in the direction of parts of chromosomes
Inversions
results from the exchange of DNA segments between non-homologous chromosomes
Translocation
helps position RNA polymerase
TATA box
anything chemical,physical, or biological that causes mutations
mutagens
form of cell division that produces reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes
Meiosis
chromosomes that share the same gene but different alleles
Homologous chromosomes
two homologous chromosomes that join together during Metaphase
Tetrad
a normal body cell
Somatic cell
sperm or egg
Sex cell
alternate forms of the same gene
Alleles
cells with a full set of chromosomes (2n)
Diploid
cells with half set of chromosomes (n)
Haploid
cells produced after meiosis in females
Oocyte
cells produced after meiosis in males
Spermatocyte
cell that doesn’t receive cytoplasm and organelles and eventually degenerates
Polar body
when plants self pollinate, all their offspring are the same variety
True breeding
mating or crossing of two varieties
Hybridization
a cross between two parents that breed true for different versions of the same gene
Monohybridization
true breeding parents
P generation
hybrid offspring of the P generation
F1 generation
offspring from the self fertilization of the F1 hybrids
F2 generation
hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype
Law of Dominance
during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
Law of Segregation
that a pair of trait segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation
Law of Independent Assortment
results in a mixing of traits
Incomplete Dominance
results in both traits being equally expressed
Codominance
