Midterm prep Types of early societies, eras

Question 1

hunter-gatherer society

Answer 1

foragers, migrated, revered animal spirits. Believed humans are PART OF the natural order

Question 2

early agrarian societies

Answer 2

increased cultivation, sedentary, had human deities, wildlife myths were prominent. Small population caused minimal environmental impact.

Question 3

late agrarian societies

Answer 3

increased AG, horses and oxen used to for plow labor, abstract deities, humans viewed as separate from nature. Large populations had significant environmental impact

Question 4

early industrial societies

Answer 4

increased food production, diverse class structure, major religions develop, more mechanical. Nature viewed as a commodity, substantial impact on the environment

Question 5

late industrial

Answer 5

sophisticated AG, extensive water and energy use, Nature valued, humans viewed as separate from nature. Intense pressure on natural world.

Question 6

1500-1849 Era of Abundance

Answer 6

Europeans colonize NA. Wildlife seems unlimited. Market hunting for beaver and bison

Question 7

1850-1899 Era of Overexploitation

Answer 7

Idea of manifest destiny- entitlement to the natural world. Bison hunted to near extinction. Passenger pigeons hunted to extinction. Herons and egrets hunted for feathers. Predators persecuted.

Question 8

1900-1929 Era of Protection

Answer 8

Lacy Act 1900
Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918
Teddy Roosevelt- initiated U.S. Forest Service
Gifford Pinchot- conflict with John Muir. Pinchot was conservationist, Muir was preservationist.

Question 9

Lacy Act 1900

Answer 9

Part of the Era of Protection. prohibited trade of illegal animals, biofacts and importation of non-native species

Question 10

Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918

Answer 10

Part of the Era of Protection. Treaty with Canada, Mexico, Russia, and Japan. Prohibited “take” and restored population of 1094 species.

Question 11

1966-1979 Era of Environmental Management

Answer 11

SPA 1966
ESPA 1969
EPA 1970
NOAA 1970
NEQA 1970
Clean Water Act 1972
MMPA 1972
ESA 1973
DDT banned 1972
Earth Day 1970

Question 12

1980 Era of Conservation Science

Answer 12

Michael Soule father of conservation biology
Al Gore Novel peace prize for work with climate change, 45th vice president