Final Prep last modules Flashcards
What is the closest living relative to Wooly rhinos
Sumatran rhinos in Indonesia. Severely endangered- 20 left due to habitat fragmentation
What is the rhinoceros hornbill poached for
honeycomb-like casque
What is the pangolin poached for
scales for traditional medicine
What is the helmeted hornbill poached for
solid casque- hornbill ivory
Conservation efforts in indonesia
Rescue center in Cikananga. Confiscated pets/trade- rehabbed and released. -hornbills.
greater birds of paradise unable to be released
Javan trogan. Cassowary
Human-wildlife conflict in Indonesia
Sun bears- 2 species
Slow loris- only venemous primates. Teeth removed for pet trade.
Oranguatan
Breeding center holds critically endangered birds- theft, security, dogs cctv
Black-winged myna- two in the wild
Javan warty pig- issues with hybridization
Green magpie- successful breeding projects
reasons for introduced species to be intentional
food crops (mongoose), farm animals/livestock, fish and game, landscaping, pets, pest control
unintentional introduced species
stowaways on ships, escape, cargo and packages, and humans and other species
How can invasive species cause harm
cause economic and environmental harm because compete with, displace and prey upon native species. They also alter the habitat and introduce disease.
What are the two colored species of rat and where they are native to
brown (Norway( rat- native to siberia and china
black (roof) rat- native to India
4 species of mosquito and the diseases they carry
Aedes- Chikungunya, Dengue
Culiseta- Yellow fever and Zika virus
Anopheles- Malaria
Culex- Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Saint Louis Encephalitis, West Nile Virus
What is the costliest invasive species
mosquitos
Give 5 examples of an invasive species and the area it invaded
Burmese python- florida everglades
Zebra mussels- Great Lakes and elsewhere
Nutria- Chesapeake bay and Gulf Coast wetlands
Cane toad- Australia
Nile hippopotamus- Columbia
What species does USFWS have a recovery program for on San Clemente Island?
loggerhead shrike.
Recovery efforts for the Island Fox include
goat removal, habitat restoration, bald eagle recovery, golden eagle removal, captive breeding reintroduction, vaccination
Invasive species threats to Hawaiian birds and the mitigation of those threats
Predation, (rats, mongoose, cats)
Mitigation (trapping, poison bait)
Avian malaria (non-native mosquitos)
Mitigation (release sterile mosquitos, modify avian gut microbes)
Habitat destruction (goats and pigs)
Mitigation (fencing, planting, hunting)
Where does bushmeat commonly occur, why does it happen, problems with it, species it includes and what can be done to help
Where: tropical forest areas of Africa, Southern Asia, South America
Why: protein source for poor communities, miners and loggers, exotic meats for the wealthy
Includes: antelope, bats, wild pigs, rodents, primates, pangolin, snakes, etc
Problems: significant wildlife decrease, exposure to disease
Help: Empower communities to raise chickens, small livestock, farmed fish
Where is canned hunting regulated and what species are involved
South Africa- African lions/other big cats
USA- native and non-native ungulates. Deer, antelope, pigs. no predators
What is commercial animal agriculture also known as factory farming and the concerns about it
primarily pigs, dairy cattle, chickens, turkey, fish
Concerns: environmental pollution (greenhouse emissions from pigs and cattle, contamination of soil and water). Humane standards (space and freedom to move)
What is ecotourism, its benefits and potential disadvantages, and an example
1980s- sustainable development ethic
Tourism directed towards exotic, often threatened natural environments intended to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife
Benefits: benefits wildlife conservation, educational and involves and benefit locals, non-invasive, non-consumptive, sustainable
Potential issues: transportation footprint, food/beverage sourcing, waste reduction and disposal, distance, contact, and manipulation of wildlife
Example: Great Barrier Reef Australia- careless divers injure and damage corals
Costa Rica- tourist presence interferes with turtle egg laying
Guidelines for whale and dolphin watching. Why is it important to have these guidelines
30 min or less
stay 100 m away
minimum 2 boats
never chase animals. Leave if agitated or aggressive
Speed below 5 knots within 400 m of animals
Important because manatees in Florida were injured from boat propeller strikes
How is the National Park Service involved with mountain lions
trapping, transmitter collars, and monitoring
Threats to mountain lions
human encroachment and habitat fragmentation
secondary poisoning- rodenticide- weakened immune system leads to mange
inbreeding- kinked tail, malformed sperm, testicular abnormality
human/mountain lion conflict
24 mountain lions killed by vehicles since 2002
14 attacks on humans since 1986-2021
What is selective breeding and how is it done
domestic species derived from wild species over countless generations
back crossing- reverse engineering, approximation
What is cloning and how is it done
the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism.
Done with SCNT- Somatic cell nuclear transfer (Put the nucleus of a cell into another- an egg, which is placed in a surrogate animal)
What animal species was saved with cloning
black-footed ferret
What is synthesis via genome testing and what can it be used for
When an edited genome is inserted into a host egg through CRISPR and Cas9.
It can be used for bacterial defense against viruses and to insert key sequences of one species (extinct) into the genome of another species (living) to produce offspring
Difference between gene synthesis and cloning
Gene synthesis is dif because they do not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences like cloning has to. Synthesis compares a dead animal’s genome to a living animals and tries to form a new genome “recipe” to recreate that dead animal, injecting it into a developing germ line of a close relative of that animal
8 questions of the ethics of de-extinction
Why should a species be restored
Which species should be restored
What effort and expense is required
Who is responsible
How much divergence from species’ original genetic constitution is acceptable
Where will resulting individuals be managed
How will harm be prevented
Will this create complacency about extinction
Reasons for decline of the painted dog
Habitat loss and fragmentation
Human conflict
Road accidents
Snares
Infectious diseases
What do SAFE plans generally consist of
protecting threatened species
builds on established recovery plans and history of commitment
Prioritizes collaboration among AZA member institutions
Implements strategic conservation and stakeholder engagement activities
Measures and reports conservation progress
IUCN status of painted dog
Endangered and decreasing
All 7 species of sea turtles are considered CITES appendix 1 TRUE or FALSE
true
7 species of sea turtle
Loggerhead
Green sea turtle
Leatherback sea turtle
Kemp’s Ridley sea turtle
Olive Ridley sea turtle
Flatback sea turtle
Hawksbill
Threats to sea turtles
climate change
light pollution
ocean pollution
by-catch
illegal poaching
The SAFE plan for sea turtles covers which 2 species
Kemp’s Ridley and Eastern Pacific Leatherback
What can you do to help sea turtles
Raise awareness
Buy reusable items
Become a responsible seafood consumer
Beach clean ups
SAFE specializes in (4 things)
Recovery
Protection
Collaboration
Data
What are 2 differences and 2 similarities between sharks and rays
Diff: Rays use their pectoral fins to flap up and down to move through the water. Sharks swim by moving their tail side to side. Rays are adapted to feed off the ocean floor. Sharks eat fish and other animals and have rows of teeth that are constantly replaced
Sim: Order chondrichthyes- endoskeleton made of cartilage, Subclass elasmobranch- do not have swim bladder, instead enlarged liver filled with oil helps keep them afloat
Threats to the sand tiger shark and what has been done to preserve them
By-catch- also even if released, swallows prey whole and dies from fish hook
Slow rate of growth, late age of maturity, low fecundity
Prohibition of capture/trade in some countries
Most threatened family of elasmobranchs
Sawtooth family
3 subspecies of Asian elephant
Sumatran- smallest
Sri Lanken- largest
Indian- smaller ears
Threats to Asian elephant
poaching, illegal capture and trade, habitat loss/fragmentation
How SAFE is helping the Asian elephant
Teaching communities about coexisting
Habitat protection
Preventing capture and killing
Monitoring wild populations
