Midterm Prep Flashcards
Action potentials cause ______ channels to open in the axon terminus, which releases neurotransmitters
calcium
may receptors for neurotransmitters are _______ gated channels, also known as _______
ligand , ionotropic
a receptor that relies on a second messenger is _______
metabotropic
sarin gas works as a ________________ inhibitor
acetylcholinesterase
cocaine is an ______ , and works how?
agonist, blocking reuptake and increasing NT in synaptic cleft
name 3 drugs that block reuptake
SSRI, cocaine, bath salts
Alcohol’s effect on GABA is an ______ and works how?
agonist, mimics NT by binding to NT receptor and increasing signaling
name 3 drugs that mimic NT
Alcohol(GABA), THC, LSD
Sarin gas is an ______ and works how?
agonist, prevents NT degradation by blocking acetylcholinesterase. Increases NT in synaptic cleft
Alcohol (glutamate) is an _______ and works how?
antagonist - block post-synaptic receptors, preventing the NT from binding to the receptor - less signaling
Ecstasy is an _______ and works how?
agonist, causes NT transporters to reverse, releasing more NT into the synapse rather than retaking
name two drugs that cause the reversal of NT transporters
ecstasy and amphetamines
what drug prevents NT degradation, and leaves NT in the cleft?
sarin gas
4 reasons for side effects
- side chains can react
- local/general specificity - we can’t artificially secrete directly to synaptic cleft - ex serotonin acts on bones and neurons
- combinations can have interactions and be dangerous
- substances with low affinities require higher doses, and therefore amplify side effects
list of ionotropic acting drugs
nicotine, alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, pencyclidine
list of metabotropic drugs
opioids, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA
most drugs of abuse increase _________ release in the ________ ________
dopamine, nucleaus accumbens
3 involuntary actions that alcohol depresses
breathing, heart beat, gag reflex
_____ _______ is the main cause of opiate overdose deaths
respiratory depression
repeated use of drugs sets up a new ______ state in the brain
homeostatic
carcinogens cause ______
cancer
mutagens cause ______
DNA mutations
teratogens cause ________ _______
birth defects
neurotoxins cause______
damage to the nervous system
endocrine disruptors _____ ______ _____
interfere with hormones
triclosan interferes with ______ ______
thyroid hormones
How are arsenicals harmful?
blood vessel damage
enzyme inhibitors
how are organochlorines harmful?
nervous system toxins
block GABA channels
hormone disruptors
how are organophosphates harmful?
nervous system toxins peripheral neuropathy enzyme disruptors damage DNA/RNA limit oxygen transport
how are pyrethrins toxic?
nervous system toxins
sinsitisation
lavender oil and tea tree oil are ____ _____, which cause ______ in pre-pubescent boys
estrogen mimickers, gynecomastia
triflumizole is a fungicide that acts as a _______ factor
obesogenic
brain weight at birth
350g
brain weight as adult
1300
where do neurons continue to develop throughout life
olfactory and hippcampus
do glial cells form throughout life?
yes
what stage does proliferation, migration and differentiation of neurons typically happen?
pre-natal
intrinsic regulation
“activity independent”
extrinsic regulation
“activity dependent”, driven by environment
about ____ times as many neurons are created than are found in adult brains
2
does myelination take place at one time?
no, it happens at different places at different times
a muscle fiber is activated by ___ neurons
1
one neuron can activate ____ muscle fibers
many
a neuron without any connections will eventually _____
die
neurons compete for ____ _____ that are given as a result of successful synaptic connections
trophic factors
Hebb’s rule
cells that fire together, wire together. Out of sync, lose your link
interoreception
sensing within your body
sensing inside your body
interoreception
sensing outside your body
exteroreception
exteroreception
sensing outside your body
receptors that detect heat
thermoreceptors
receptors that detect chemicals
chemoreceptors
receptor that detect light
photoreceptors
receptors that detect touch
mechanoreceptors
how many layers does the LGN have
6
if you cross section the LGN, what do the points on that cross section line up with
the points in the visual field
parvocellular layers detect _____
patterns
magnocellular layers detect _____
motion
layers of the LGN are specific to each __
eye
the visual cortex is broken into ____ ______
ocular columns
autonomic nervous system can be broken into what two parts
sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic nervous system trigger what response?
fight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system triggers what response?
sleep, calming, digestion etc.
do organs have receptors for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
yes!
efferent neurons _____ commands
send
where does the parasympathetic system come from?
brain stem
ganglia are_____
bundles of neurons
where are the ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system?
at the organs
where are the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system?
sympathetic chain, near spine
ganglion is a ______
collection of neurons
where does the sympathetic nervous system come from?
the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine
cholinergic receptors are for_____
acetylcholine
adenergic receptors are for_____
adrenaline or epinephrine
the parasympathetic nervous system releases
acetylcholine
the sympathetic nervous system relseases
adrenaline
3 types of motor movement
voluntary, rhythmic, reflex
what type of movement is walking
rhythmic
walking starts _____ and transitions to _______
voluntary, rhythmic
does rhythmic movement go all the way to the brain?
no
afferent neurons ____ signals
receive
neurons that send signals out
efferent neurons
neurons that receive signals
afferent neurons
stretch receptors are bound to ______ muscles
intrafusal
inside the bicep is an ______ muscle
intrafusal
the extrafusal muscle and intrafusal muscles work _____
together
reflex signals are received by the _____ root and then sent through the ____ root
dorsal , ventral
the ventral root has a ____ and ______ motor neuron
alpha and gamma
the alpha motor neuron from the ventral root will control the ______ muscle
extrafusal
the gamma motor neuron from the ventral root will control the _____ muscle
intrafusal
middle ear is between the ____ and the _____
timpanic membran and the oval window
the timpanic membrane is much larger than the ____ window
oval
ossicles are _____
bones
bones in the ear
ossicles
the middle ear will _____ the sound
amplify
the inner ear consists of the _____ _____
basilar membrane
counter to the oval window is the _____ ______
round window
the round window serves as a ____ _____
pressure release
_____ open the ion channels in the ear
cilia
graded potentials
changes in membrane potential that vary in size and depend on amplitude of stimulus
EPSP
excitatory post synaptic potentials
IPSP
inhibitory post synaptic potentials
two types of summing of graded potential
spatial and temporal
temporal summation sums from ______ dendrite
same
spatial summation sums from _____ dendrites
different
action potential threshold
-55 mv
photoreceptors and bipolar cells created _____ potentials
graded
hair cells help create a _____ potential
graded
we have ____ types of receptor cells
5
name the types of taste receptor cells
salt, sour, bitter, sweet, umami
salt taste receptor cells work by opening ___ channels
sodium
salt taste receptor cells are ____tropic
ionotropic
sour taste receptor cells are _____tropic
ionotropic
the bitter, sweet and umami all are _____ tropic
metatropic
type of signal pathway that bitter, sweet and umami use
GPCR
does the posterior pituitary produce its own hormones?
no, it releases hormones my by the hypothalamus
the posterior pituitary releases _____ and ______
oxytocin and vasopressin
the anterior pituitary releases hormones from _____
itself
hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through the ____ _____ which causes a release of hormones produced by the _____ _____
portal system, anterior pituitary
each olfactory neuron will express ___ receptors
1
PET scan
inject radioactive tag into brain and give stimulus. When brain area is active, tag is broken down and can be seen. Good for doing diff tasks and seeing what parts are working 45-60 sec temporal res. Spatial resolution is good.
fMRI is based on ____ ____ levels
blood / oxygen
EEG has ____ temporal resolution and ______ spatial resolution
good , bad
EEG has ____ temporal resolution and ______ spatial resolution
good , bad
what does endocrine refer to
a signal released (hormone) into the blood - a far away signal
if you remove the testes from a male chicken, what happens?
it grows into a female phenotype (mostly)
what happens if you remove the testes of a chicken into the stomach?
it grows into a rooster
first hormone to be named
secretin
autocrine signal
affects the same cell
3 types of hormones
water soluble, fat soluble, amino acid derived (water or fat)
______ mediates contractions during birth
oxytocin
vasopressin function
constriction of blood vessels and water reabsorption by the kidney
two hormones released by posterior pituitary
vasopressin and oxytocin
identical action potentials travel to each branch of the axon ______
terminus
in the dendrites, ________ _______ channels open in response to neurotransmitters
ligand-gated
do neurotransmitters enter the cell?
no
excitatory signals are _____ polarizing
de
inhibitory signals are _____ polarizing
hyper
when an action potential reaches the terminus, ____ channels open and _____ enters/exits? the cell
Ca2, Ca2, enters
when neurotransmitters are triggered, are they released from the terminus?
yes, and they’re released into the synaptic cleft
the channels that open and allow Ca2 into the axon terminus are _____ gated
voltage
what three things happen to NT after they react with the NT receptors
- enzymatic degradation
- diffusion out of the cleft
- Re-uptake into synaptic buton
_______ breaks down acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
if Ka+ channels are opened, and Ka+ flows out of the dendrite, that’s a ________ response
excitatory
Cl- moving into the dendrite is _____
inhibitory
GABA opens a ______ gated _____ channel and thus has an ______ effect
ligand , Cl-, inhibitory
the GPCR pathway represents a _______ tropic synapse
metabotropic
when NT leave the neuron in vesicles, it’s called ______
exocytosis
Hebb’s rule
neurons that fire together, wire together. Out of sync, lose your link
types of neurotransmitters
biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, other…
nicotine acts as both a ____ and a ______
stimulant, sedative
triflumizole is a fungicide that acts as a _______ factor
obesogenic
atrazine is known to cause ?
congenital birth defects
Hermosa study showed ______
reduction in triclosan, methyl parabens, diethyl phthalate after 3 days of non chemical use
organophosphate pesticides are responsible for ______ IQ points lost
16 m
drugs simulate _____ _____ and thereby increase the value of associated stimuli and actions on each use
prediction error
the ____ ____ prevents an action potential from firing twice or going in both directions
refractory period
