Midterm Practice Flashcards
Based on the results of the studies on the Geon Theory we can say that:
a. It is not supported because recognition is better from familiar views versus unfamiliar views
b. It is supported because recognition is better from familiar views versus unfamiliar views
c. It is not supported because recognition is worse from familiar views versus unfamiliar views
d. It is supported because recognition is worse from familiar views versus unfamiliar views
a. It is not supported because recognition is better from familiar views versus unfamiliar views
In Treisman’s Attenuator model of attention, the unattended information:
a. is not processed
b. is processed, but not as much as the attended information.
c. is processed just as much as the attended information, but not brought into consciousness.
d. does not make it through the dictionary unit.
b. is processed, but not as much as the attended information.
The best way to get rid of the recency effect is to:
a. distract the participants for 30 seconds before having them recall the words.
b. read the list to them slowly.
c. give them less time to study the list.
d. make sure they are not rehearsing the words as they study.
a. distract the participants for 30 seconds before having them recall the words.
Prosopagnosia and semantic agnosia are doubly disassociated. This suggests that:
a. Agnosias usually occur in pairs
b. These different visual capabilities may depend on the same regions of the brain
c. These different visual capabilities may depend on different regions of the brain
d. The FFA is active when during object recognition and the LOC is active during face perception
c. These different visual capabilities may depend on different regions of the brain
Elizabeth’s sister, Meredith, isn’t answering her phone when Elizabeth calls. Elizabeth thinks, “Well, either Meredith’s phone has been stolen, or the battery died.” Reasoning that Meredith’s phone likely died, and that her phone wasn’t stolen would best illustrate _____.
a. reasoning
b. determinism
c. parsimony
d. testability
c. parsimony
If a person could only remember two items at a time, which part of their memory could be damaged?
a. sensory memory
b. short-term memory
c. working memory
d. long-term memory
b. short-term memory
Perception may be thought of as a form of inference or guessing the properties of the world that caused the sensory stimulation. The reason perception depends on guessing is because :
a. The sensory stimulus is inherently ambiguous
b.Your brain gets things wrong a lot
c.There are so many stimuli that are similar
d. There are no right or wrong answers
a. The sensory stimulus is inherently ambiguous
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.
c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
According to Goodale and Milner’s Perception/Action hypothesis, a patient with ventral brain damage would have the most difficulty with which of these behaviors?
a. A visually guided action
b. Recognizing objects and faces
c. A perceptual matching task
d. Image segmentation
b. Recognizing objects and faces
Imagine you are in the library studying when the school mascot suddenly runs through, yelling “Go team!” Your attention would be drawn away from your notes and books because of:
a. Attentional load
b. Selective attention
c. Endogenous attention
d. Exogenous attention
d. Exogenous attention
Read the following summary of an experiment and provide a summary report. You should include a description of the most likely purpose of the experiment, as well as a clear description of the independent and dependent variables. Finally, describe what we can learn from the results. You are welcome to write in point form.
Professor Jones presented participants with a series of letter triplets (e.g. HTN, MWP). The triplets were presented one at a time. Sometimes the triplets were presented with 5 seconds between each one (e.g. HTN…5 seconds…MWP); other times there were 10 seconds between each triplet (e.g. HTN…10 seconds…MWP), and other times there were 20 seconds between each triplet (e.g. HTM…20 seconds…MWP). After the presentation of each triplet, participants were instructed to count backwards until the presentation of the next triplet. After the final triplet had been presented, participants were asked to recall as many of the triplets as they could. Professor Jones discovered that the number of triplets correctly recalled decreased as the amount of time between the triplet presentations increased.
My answer:
Purpose: Determining the impact of time on serial recall.
Determining the impact of
Independent variable/s: time between viewing trigrams
Dependent variable/s: number of serial trigrams successfully recalled
(Control: articulatory suppression on every turn)
(Within-subjects experiment – everyone participated in each presentation)
Lessons learned:
When controlling for short-term memory by articulatory suppression, participants’ ability to successfully recall trigrams decreased as the amount of time between presentation increased (effect of time on serial recall).
Correct Answer:
Purpose: To investigate the effect of time delays on recall performance. IV: duration of time delay between triplet presentations DV: number/percent of triplets correctly recalled Implications: Time negatively influences recall. In other words, one reason we may forget is because of the passage of time (decay theory).
Broadbent and Triesman both described filter theories of attention. What major change/difference did Triesman propose in her model compared to Broadbent’s model? How does this account for the finding that we process ‘important’ unattended information (such as our names)?
My answer:
Triesman added the ability to attenuate or reduce the notice of an unattended message without ignoring it completely.
If we attend particular information (or are paying attention to something in particular), then we will likely keep attention to it unless an unattended message (or stimulus, etc.) will be ignored, unless it is salient (e.g., mentions our name or something relevant to us). Items of value in an unattended message are filtered through a ‘dictionary unit’ and if found salient to the individual, then it becomes noticed
Correct answer:
Instead of selecting a single stimulus to be processed, Triesman suggested the attentional filter is “leaky”. That is, attention lets all stimuli pass through the filter, but it adjusts/attenuates the signal resulting in the attended stimulus having the highest activation when it passes through the filter. She added a dictionary unit that has words with varying threshold levels. A word is processed if the incoming activation is sufficient to pass the threshold in the dictionary unit.
Information that is important has a low threshold in the dictionary unit, so even low activation coming through the attenuator is sufficient to reach the threshold to be processed.
Describe an experiment that we discussed in class and provides evidence that face recognition (identifying who a person is) relies on configural processing.
Cooper & Wojan presented images of famous faces with either one eye shifted out of place or both eyes shifted out of place. Participants were either required to identify whether the image:
a. was a face
or
b. who the face was.
They found that accuracy was best for task b. when only one eye was shifted out of place, but the other remained in the same relative position with the rest of the facial features.
This suggests that we need facial features to be in the correct configuration in order to identify a face - when the configuration was completely altered (both eyes shifted) participants couldn’t identify the face
Compare and contrast the limiting factors of the 3 forms of short-term storage that were discussed in the lecture videos.
Correct answer:
- Sensory memory
a. Capacity - 9 - 12 visual items
b. Duration - 150 ms for iconic; 4 - 5 s for echoic and tactile - STM
a. Capacity - 7 +/- 2 meaningful chunks for verbal; 4 +/-1 visual items
b. Duration - 10 - 20 s without rehearsal - WM
a. Capacity - Cowan says 4 +/- visual items; Baddeley says it’s limited but not by one factor
b. Duration - not discussed bc info is held as long as it is being processed
According to the Modal Model of memory, one of the functions of short term memory is to hold info in place:
a. until it decays
b. in order to transfer it to sensory memory
c. so it can be used to perceive its meaning
d. until it can be used for some behavioural task
d. until it can be used for some behavioural task
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