Midterm Prac Exam Flashcards
Data about opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors using questionnaire
Survey research
What is a major advantage of anonymous surveys?
Increased accuracy of responses to sensitive questions
What is the primary limitation of the survey approach?
Inability to test causal relationships
What is the first step in constructing surveys?
Identifying specific research objectives
What is the purpose of closed questions?
To limit response options
What scale assigns items to two or more distinct categories but does not measure their magnitude?
Nominal scale
Which of the following is NOT a concern when constructing survey questions?
A) Simplicity
B) Ambiguity
C) Exhaustive response choices
D) Longevity
Longevity
What is the tendency to respond to questions without regard to their actual wording called?
Response bias
Which type of interview allows for exploration of interesting topics as they arise?
Unstructured interviews
What are the probability sampling method?
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic random sampling
• Stratified Random sampling
• Cluster sampling
What are the nonprobability sampling method?
• Quota sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Purposive sampling
• Snowball sampling
What is the measure of the degree of linear correlation between two variables ranging from -1 through 0 to +1?
Correlation coefficient
What are the property of correlation coefficients?
- Linearity
- Sign
- probability
- Magnitude
What is a graphic display of pairs of data points on the x and y axes called?
Scatterplot
What is the term for an artificial restriction of the range of X and Y that can reduce the strength of a correlation coefficient?
Range truncation
What type of study compares the effects of treatments on preexisting groups of subjects?
Nonequivalent groups design
What is the measure of the amount of variability that can be explained by a predictor variable?
Coefficient of determination
Which design measures relationships over time to suggest a causal path?
Cross-lagged panel design
What is the term for creating and testing models that suggest cause-and-effect relationships between behaviors?
Causal modeling
What type of scale assigns items to distinct categories but does not measure their magnitude?
Nominal scale
Which of the following is NOT a type of response style?
A) Willingness to answer
B) Social desirability
C) Position reference
D) Double-barreled questions
D) Double-barreled questions
What type of questions can be answered using a limited number of alternatives and have a high imposition of units?
Closed/ Structured questions
What is the term for selecting an answer based on its position?
Position reference
What is the major step in constructing surveys?
Collect survey data
Measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using equal intervals between values with no absolute zero point
interval scale
What is the concern when constructing survey items?
Irrelevant to the survey’s central topic
What is the tendency to agree with an item regardless of its manifest content called?
Yea-saying
Which of the following is NOT a type of interview?
Structured interviews
Unstructured interviews
Semi-structured interviews
Closed interviews
Closed interviews
What statistical technique is used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables?
Simple correlation
Which of the following is a longitudinal design?
Cross-sectional study
Pretest/posttest design
Nonequivalent groups design
Longitudinal study
Longitudinal study
The amount of variability explained by a predictor variable
coefficient of determination estimating
What term describes the tendency to respond to questions without regard to their actual wording?
Response bias
What type of questions can be answered using a limited number of alternatives and have a high imposition of units?
Structured questions
What is the purpose of using closed questions in surveys?
To limit response options
What is the primary concern when constructing survey questions?
Ambiguity
Representing oneself in a socially appropriate fashion when responding
social desirability
Questions are asked the same way each time
structured interviews
What is the term for selecting an answer based on its position within a survey?
Position reference
Which of the following is NOT a major step in constructing surveys?
- Decide on the degree of imposition of unit
- Decide how you will analyze the survey
- Collect survey data
- Identify specific research objectives
- Collect survey data
Measures the strength of a linear association
Pearson’s r
What is the measure of the amount of variability that can be explained by a predictor variable?
Coefficient of determination
What type of study compares the effects of treatments on preexisting groups of subjects?
Nonequivalent groups design
What is the term for creating and testing models that suggest cause-and-effect relationships between behaviors?
Causal modeling
What is the tendency to agree with an item regardless of its manifest content called?
Yea-saying
What is the tendency to disagree with an item regardless of its manifest content called?
Nay-saying
Which of the following is NOT a type of interview?
- Structured interviews
- Unstructured interviews
- Semi-structured interviews
- Closed interviews
Closed interviews
Iis used to determine the strength of a linear association between two variables?
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
What measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using ranks, but does not assign precise values?
Ordinal Scale.
What measures the magnitude of the dependent variable using equal intervals between values and an absolute zero?
Ratio Scale
It allows researchers to study private experience, which cannot be directly observed.
Survey Approach
Advantages of the survey approach can efficiently collect large amounts of data.(t/f)
True
Advantages of the survey approach can efficiently collect small amounts of data.(t/f)
False
Participants respond with more than a yes or 1-10 rating that have a low imposition of units.
Open-ended Questions.
Tendency to guess or omit items when unsure.
Willingness to Answer
The plain meaning of the words printed on page.
Manifest Content
Changes in question interpretation due to their position within a survey.
Context Effects
Consists of all people, animals, or objects
that share at least one characteristic.
Population
Subset of the population of interest
Sample
In assumptions of Pearson’s r two continuous variables should be paired, which means that each case has two values.(t/f)
True
In assumptions of Pearson’s r four continuous variables should be paired, which means that each case has two values.(t/f)
False
Assumptions of Pearson’s r is there should be a linear relationship between your two continuous variables.
(t/f)
True
Assumptions of Pearson’s r is there should be a linear relationship between your five continuous variables.
(t/f)
False
Assumptions of Pearson’s r where each variable is approximately normally distributed.
(t/f)
True
Assumptions of Pearson’s r where all variable is approximately normally distributed. (t/f)
False
In assumptions of Pearson’s r there should be no significant outliers (t/f)
True
In assumptions of Pearson’s r there should be significant outliers (t/f)
False
Relation between two variables in which high scores on one go with high scores on the other, mediums with mediums, and lows with lows (direct correlation).
Positive Correlation
Relation between two variables in which high scores on one go with low scores on the other, mediums with mediums, and lows with highs (inverse correlation)
Negative Correlation.
Superficially resemble experiments, but lack their required manipulation of antecedent conditions and/or random assignment to conditions.
Quasi experiments
Quasi experiments may study the effects of preexisting antecedent conditions- life events or subject characteristics- on behavior. (T/f)
True
Quasi experiments may study the effects of non-existing antecedent conditions- life events or subject characteristics- on behavior. (T/f)
False
We should use quasi-experiments when we cannot or should not manipulate antecedent conditions. (T/f)
True
We should use quasi-experiments when we can or should manipulate antecedent conditions. (T/f)
False
means how the relationship between x and y can be plotted as a line or a curve.
Linearity
refers to whether the correlation coefficient is positive or negative.
Sign
is the strength of the correlation coefficient, ranging from -1 to +1.
Magnitude
is the likelihood of obtaining a correlation coefficient of this magnitude due to chance.
Probability
. Are extreme scores. They usually affect correlations by disturbing the trends in the data.
Range truncation removes this.
Outliers
Since correlations are symmetrical, A could cause B just as readily as B could cause A (Does insomnia cause depression or does depression cause insomnia?)
Causal direction.
Two variables-insomnia and depression- may affect each other.
Bidirectional causation.
Family conflict-may create the appearance that insomnia and depression are related to each other.
Third variable problem.
When they want to know whether there is a relationship among three or more variables.
Multiple correlation (R)
Researchers use this to predict behavior measured by one variable based on scores on two or more other variables.
multiple regression
means “after the fact.” A researcher examines the effects of already existing subject variables but does not manipulate them.
Ex post facto
Researcher creates and tests models of possible causal sequences using multiple regression analysis.
Path analysis
Same group of subjects is measured at different points of time to determine the effect of time on behavior.
Longitudinal designs.
Subjects at different developmental stages (classes) are compared at the same point in time
Cross-sectional Studies
A researcher measures behavior before and after an event. This is quasi- experimental because there is no control condition
Pretest/Posttest Designs.
How are responses from open-ended questions typically analyzed?
Employing content analysis
What is the main concern with double-barreled (compound)
questions?
They lead to confusion and unreliable data
What does Pearson’s r compare between two variables?
The covariance
Experiments lacking manipulation of antecedent conditions
quasi experiments
A design where two different variables are measured to determine their relationship
correlational design
Magnitude of differences with equal intervals
interval scale measure
Which of the following is NOT a concern when constructing survey questions?
a. Keeping items simple and unambiguous
b. Including unrelated ideas in one question
c. Using exhaustive response choices
d. Avoiding double negatives
Including unrelated ideas in one question
What type of analysis is the nominal scale useful for?
Descriptive analysis
What is another name for negative correlation?
Inverse correlation
What is another name for Positive correlation?
Direct correlation
The degree of association between two variables
correlation coefficient measure
What is a correlation coefficient of
-1 indicative of?
perfect negative correlation
What is a correlation coefficient of
+1 indicative of?
A perfect positive correlation
What is a correlation coefficient of
0 indicative of?
No correlation
When constructing survey questions, what is the primary reason for keeping items simple and unambiguous?
To minimize misunderstanding
Selecting the last option on a multiple-choice test
position preference
is characterized by Disagreeing with statements regardless of content
Negativity bias
Selecting “Agree” without considering the content of the statements
acquiescence bias
What is the primary advantage of content analysis in analyzing open-ended questions?
Facilitates the interpretation of qualitative data
What kind of questions allow respondents to provide detailed, qualitative responses?
Open-ended questions
What does the ordinal scale provide in terms of educational attainment?
Ranks in terms of educational levels
What is a typical example of a psychological variable measured on a ratio scale?
Reaction time
What might individuals prioritize over manifest content when responding to survey questions?
Social desirability concerns
What is another name for Pearson
Product Moment Correlation?
Pearson’s r
