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2nd Experimental psychology > ACED > Flashcards

ACED Flashcards

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1
Q

Disagreeing with statements regardless of content

A

Negativity bias

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2
Q

Selecting “Agree” without considering the content of the statements

A

Acquiescence bias

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3
Q

What is the primary aim of avoiding value-laden questions in surveys?

A

To maintain objectivity and neutrality

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4
Q

scenario might a respondent demonstrate:

Selecting the last option on a multiple-choice test

A

position preference

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5
Q

How do researchers mitigate the impact of willingness to answer and position preference?

A

By providing clear instructions and randomizing response options

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6
Q

What method is commonly used in survey research?

A

Questionnaires or interviews

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7
Q

Data about opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors

A

survey research

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8
Q

Private experiences that cannot be directly observed

A

survey approach allow researchers to study

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9
Q

What is the first major step in constructing surveys?

A

Identifying specific research objectives

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10
Q

What is a potential limitation of high imposition of unit in surveys?

A

It may limit respondents’ ability to fully express complex experiences

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11
Q

Which approach in survey construction combines elements of both high and low imposition of unit?

A

Semi-structured approach

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12
Q

How are responses from open-ended questions typically analyzed?

A

Employing content analysis

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13
Q

What is the purpose of Yepez’s INTERSECT method?

A

To analyze qualitative data

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14
Q

What kind of questions allow respondents to provide detailed, qualitative responses?

A

Open-ended questions

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15
Q

What is the primary advantage of content analysis in analyzing open-ended questions?

A

Facilitates the interpretation of qualitative data

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16
Q

When constructing survey questions, what is the primary reason for keeping items simple and unambiguous?

A

To minimize misunderstanding

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17
Q

“Don’t you think it’s necessary to avoid not taking risks?”

A

double negative in a survey question

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18
Q

What is the main concern with double-barreled (compound) questions?

A

They lead to confusion and unreliable data

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19
Q

Which of the following is a revised version of a double-barreled question?

A

“Do you own a car?”

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20
Q

What does an exhaustive response choice aim to prevent?

A

Ambiguity or omission in response options

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21
Q

What is the purpose of separating unrelated ideas into individual questions?

A

To ensure clarity in responses

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22
Q

Exhaustive response choices for comprehensive options

A

well-constructed survey question

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23
Q

The following is concern of what

  • Keeping items simple and unambiguous
  • Using exhaustive response choices
  • Avoiding double negatives
A

constructing survey questions

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24
Q

What is the primary characteristic of a nominal scale?

A

Assigns distinct categories

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25
Q

The following is an example of what scale

Gender
Marital status
Ethnicity

A

nominal scale variable

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26
Q

What type of analysis is the nominal scale useful for?

A

Descriptive analysis

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27
Q

type of scale assigns items to categories without measuring magnitude

What information scale capture below;
Order of categories
Frequency of occurrences
Similarities between categories

A

Nominal scale

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28
Q

In an ordinal scale, what do ranks represent?

A

Relative positions

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29
Q
  • To rank items based on magnitude

Ranks items based on magnitude
Indicates relative position or order
Does not specify exact intervals

A

Ordinal scale

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30
Q

What does the ordinal scale provide in terms of educational attainment?

A

Ranks in terms of educational levels

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31
Q

Measure the magnitude of differences with equal intervals

It measures magnitude with equal intervals between values.

A

Interval scale

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32
Q

What is the primary limitation of an interval scale?

A

Lacks a true zero point

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33
Q

measure of magnitude of the dependent variable

Equal intervals and an absolute zero.

A

ratio scale

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34
Q

What kind of scenario is

Providing a response even when unsure

A

willingness to answer

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35
Q

Which tendency might lead a respondent to choose the middle option on a Likert scale?

A

Position preference

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36
Q

Surface-level meaning of words

A

Manifest content

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37
Q

What might individuals prioritize over manifest content when responding to survey questions?

A

Social desirability concerns

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38
Q

A design where two different variables are measured to determine their relationship

A

correlational design

39
Q

A statistical technique to measure the relationship between two variables

A

simple correlation

40
Q

The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

A

Pearson Product Moment Correlation measure

41
Q

What is another name for Pearson Product Moment Correlation?

A

Pearson’s r

42
Q

What does Pearson’s r compare between two variables?

A

The covariance

43
Q

Which assumption of Pearson’s r indicates that each participant has two values for the variables?

A

Paired data

44
Q

The degree of association between two variables

A

correlation coefficient measure

45
Q

What is a correlation coefficient of -1 indicative of?

A

A perfect negative correlation

46
Q

What is another name for negative correlation?

A

Inverse correlation

47
Q

Experiments lacking manipulation of antecedent conditions

A

quasi experiments

48
Q

When is an Apparatus section appropriate in an APA research report?

A

When the equipment is unique or needs detailed explanation.

49
Q

What is described in the Method section of an APA research report?

A

Participants
Apparatus
Materials
Procedures.

50
Q

When selection threat combines with another threat.

A

selection interactions

51
Q

When subjects drop out of experimental conditions at different rates.

A

subject mortality threat

52
Q

When individual differences are not balanced across conditions.

A

selection threat

53
Q

When subjects are assigned based on extreme scores and retested.

A

statistical regression threat

54
Q

Changes in the measurement instrument affecting internal validity.

A

instrumental threat

55
Q

Physical or psychological changes in the subject affecting the DV.

A

maturation threat

56
Q

Changes in the DV due to an event outside the experiment.

A

history threat

57
Q

The degree to which changes in the DV are due to the IV

A

internal validity

58
Q

What occurs when an extraneous variable changes systematically across conditions

A

Confounding

59
Q

The accuracy with which an operational definition represents a construct.

A

construct validity

60
Q

The accuracy of a measurement procedure in predicting future performance.

A

predictive validity

61
Q

The extent to which a measurement procedure samples the content of the variable being measured.

A

content validity

62
Q

The extent to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure.

A

face validity

63
Q

The extent to which an operational definition accurately measures or manipulates the variables.

A

validity refer to in an experiment

64
Q

The consistency of different parts of a test measuring the same variable.

A

inter-item reliability

65
Q

The consistency of an individual’s scores across multiple administrations of the same test.

A

test-retest reliability measure

66
Q

The degree to which different observers agree in their measurement.

A

interrater reliability

67
Q

The consistency of operational definitions and measurements.

A

reliability refer to in an experiment

68
Q

MThe former specifies the procedure for creating values of the IV, the latter specifies the procedure for measuring the DV.

A

Difference between an experimental operational definition and a measured operational definition

69
Q

A detailed definition specifying observable operations, procedures, and measurements.

A

Operational definition

70
Q

The variable that measures the outcome of the experiment.

A

dependent variable (DV)

71
Q

What does it mean if an experiment is confounded?what does prediction involve in psychological research?

A

The value of an extraneous variable changes systematically with the IV.

72
Q

How many levels are required for an experiment?

A

Two

73
Q

The variable intentionally manipulated by the experimenter.

A

independent variable (IV)

74
Q

An explanation of a relationship between two or more variables.

A

hypothesis

75
Q

It predicts the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable

A

experimental hypothesis

76
Q

CBT produces less relapse than antidepressants.

A

experimental hypothesis

77
Q

It predicts how variables might be correlated but not causally related.

A

nonexperimental hypothesis

78
Q

Which of the following is an example of a nonexperimental hypothesis?do psychologists control extraneous variables in experiments?

A

Red-haired patients receive less relief from medication than blonde patients.

79
Q

Which of the following is an example of a nonexperimental hypothesis?do psychologists control extraneous variables in experiments?

A

Red-haired patients receive less relief from medication than blonde patients.

80
Q

What property must a hypothesis have to be scientifically useful?

A

It must be capable of being true or false.

81
Q

It can be assessed by manipulating an IV and measuring the DV.

A

hypothesis to be testable

82
Q

It focuses attention on the main factors influencing the DV.

A

parsimony important in hypothesis formulation

83
Q

Reasoning from specific cases to general principles.

A

inductive model of reasoning

84
Q

To identify questions that have not been conclusively answered.

A

purpose of reviewing prior research

85
Q

How can prior research help in formulating a hypothesis?

A

It identifies additional variables that could mediate an effect.

86
Q

An unexpected result that a well-informed scientist can understand.

A

serendipity in scientific research

87
Q

How does intuition play a role in hypothesis formulation?

A

It guides what we choose to study.

88
Q

What is a promising strategy when formulating a hypothesis

A

Observing how people behave in public places.

89
Q

It measures the strength of a causal relationship across studies.

A

meta-analysis

90
Q

The extent to which findings can be generalized.

A

external validity

91
Q

To identify unanswered questions and show how the experiment advances knowledge.

A

Introduction section in a research report

92
Q

Which section of a research report provides a selective review of research findings?

A

Introduction

93
Q

an essential characteristic of a good hypothesis?

A

It must be testable.

2nd Experimental psychology (6 decks)

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