ACED Flashcards
Disagreeing with statements regardless of content
Negativity bias
Selecting “Agree” without considering the content of the statements
Acquiescence bias
What is the primary aim of avoiding value-laden questions in surveys?
To maintain objectivity and neutrality
scenario might a respondent demonstrate:
Selecting the last option on a multiple-choice test
position preference
How do researchers mitigate the impact of willingness to answer and position preference?
By providing clear instructions and randomizing response options
What method is commonly used in survey research?
Questionnaires or interviews
Data about opinions, attitudes, preferences, and behaviors
survey research
Private experiences that cannot be directly observed
survey approach allow researchers to study
What is the first major step in constructing surveys?
Identifying specific research objectives
What is a potential limitation of high imposition of unit in surveys?
It may limit respondents’ ability to fully express complex experiences
Which approach in survey construction combines elements of both high and low imposition of unit?
Semi-structured approach
How are responses from open-ended questions typically analyzed?
Employing content analysis
What is the purpose of Yepez’s INTERSECT method?
To analyze qualitative data
What kind of questions allow respondents to provide detailed, qualitative responses?
Open-ended questions
What is the primary advantage of content analysis in analyzing open-ended questions?
Facilitates the interpretation of qualitative data
When constructing survey questions, what is the primary reason for keeping items simple and unambiguous?
To minimize misunderstanding
“Don’t you think it’s necessary to avoid not taking risks?”
double negative in a survey question
What is the main concern with double-barreled (compound) questions?
They lead to confusion and unreliable data
Which of the following is a revised version of a double-barreled question?
“Do you own a car?”
What does an exhaustive response choice aim to prevent?
Ambiguity or omission in response options
What is the purpose of separating unrelated ideas into individual questions?
To ensure clarity in responses
Exhaustive response choices for comprehensive options
well-constructed survey question
The following is concern of what
- Keeping items simple and unambiguous
- Using exhaustive response choices
- Avoiding double negatives
constructing survey questions
What is the primary characteristic of a nominal scale?
Assigns distinct categories
The following is an example of what scale
Gender
Marital status
Ethnicity
nominal scale variable
What type of analysis is the nominal scale useful for?
Descriptive analysis
type of scale assigns items to categories without measuring magnitude
What information scale capture below;
Order of categories
Frequency of occurrences
Similarities between categories
Nominal scale
In an ordinal scale, what do ranks represent?
Relative positions
- To rank items based on magnitude
Ranks items based on magnitude
Indicates relative position or order
Does not specify exact intervals
Ordinal scale
What does the ordinal scale provide in terms of educational attainment?
Ranks in terms of educational levels
Measure the magnitude of differences with equal intervals
It measures magnitude with equal intervals between values.
Interval scale
What is the primary limitation of an interval scale?
Lacks a true zero point
measure of magnitude of the dependent variable
Equal intervals and an absolute zero.
ratio scale
What kind of scenario is
Providing a response even when unsure
willingness to answer
Which tendency might lead a respondent to choose the middle option on a Likert scale?
Position preference
Surface-level meaning of words
Manifest content
What might individuals prioritize over manifest content when responding to survey questions?
Social desirability concerns
A design where two different variables are measured to determine their relationship
correlational design
A statistical technique to measure the relationship between two variables
simple correlation
The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
Pearson Product Moment Correlation measure
What is another name for Pearson Product Moment Correlation?
Pearson’s r
What does Pearson’s r compare between two variables?
The covariance
Which assumption of Pearson’s r indicates that each participant has two values for the variables?
Paired data
The degree of association between two variables
correlation coefficient measure
What is a correlation coefficient of -1 indicative of?
A perfect negative correlation
What is another name for negative correlation?
Inverse correlation
Experiments lacking manipulation of antecedent conditions
quasi experiments
When is an Apparatus section appropriate in an APA research report?
When the equipment is unique or needs detailed explanation.
What is described in the Method section of an APA research report?
Participants
Apparatus
Materials
Procedures.
When selection threat combines with another threat.
selection interactions
When subjects drop out of experimental conditions at different rates.
subject mortality threat
When individual differences are not balanced across conditions.
selection threat
When subjects are assigned based on extreme scores and retested.
statistical regression threat
Changes in the measurement instrument affecting internal validity.
instrumental threat
Physical or psychological changes in the subject affecting the DV.
maturation threat
Changes in the DV due to an event outside the experiment.
history threat
The degree to which changes in the DV are due to the IV
internal validity
What occurs when an extraneous variable changes systematically across conditions
Confounding
The accuracy with which an operational definition represents a construct.
construct validity
The accuracy of a measurement procedure in predicting future performance.
predictive validity
The extent to which a measurement procedure samples the content of the variable being measured.
content validity
The extent to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure.
face validity
The extent to which an operational definition accurately measures or manipulates the variables.
validity refer to in an experiment
The consistency of different parts of a test measuring the same variable.
inter-item reliability
The consistency of an individual’s scores across multiple administrations of the same test.
test-retest reliability measure
The degree to which different observers agree in their measurement.
interrater reliability
The consistency of operational definitions and measurements.
reliability refer to in an experiment
MThe former specifies the procedure for creating values of the IV, the latter specifies the procedure for measuring the DV.
Difference between an experimental operational definition and a measured operational definition
A detailed definition specifying observable operations, procedures, and measurements.
Operational definition
The variable that measures the outcome of the experiment.
dependent variable (DV)
What does it mean if an experiment is confounded?what does prediction involve in psychological research?
The value of an extraneous variable changes systematically with the IV.
How many levels are required for an experiment?
Two
The variable intentionally manipulated by the experimenter.
independent variable (IV)
An explanation of a relationship between two or more variables.
hypothesis
It predicts the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable
experimental hypothesis
CBT produces less relapse than antidepressants.
experimental hypothesis
It predicts how variables might be correlated but not causally related.
nonexperimental hypothesis
Which of the following is an example of a nonexperimental hypothesis?do psychologists control extraneous variables in experiments?
Red-haired patients receive less relief from medication than blonde patients.
Which of the following is an example of a nonexperimental hypothesis?do psychologists control extraneous variables in experiments?
Red-haired patients receive less relief from medication than blonde patients.
What property must a hypothesis have to be scientifically useful?
It must be capable of being true or false.
It can be assessed by manipulating an IV and measuring the DV.
hypothesis to be testable
It focuses attention on the main factors influencing the DV.
parsimony important in hypothesis formulation
Reasoning from specific cases to general principles.
inductive model of reasoning
To identify questions that have not been conclusively answered.
purpose of reviewing prior research
How can prior research help in formulating a hypothesis?
It identifies additional variables that could mediate an effect.
An unexpected result that a well-informed scientist can understand.
serendipity in scientific research
How does intuition play a role in hypothesis formulation?
It guides what we choose to study.
What is a promising strategy when formulating a hypothesis
Observing how people behave in public places.
It measures the strength of a causal relationship across studies.
meta-analysis
The extent to which findings can be generalized.
external validity
To identify unanswered questions and show how the experiment advances knowledge.
Introduction section in a research report
Which section of a research report provides a selective review of research findings?
Introduction
an essential characteristic of a good hypothesis?
It must be testable.
