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Repro/Endo FInal > midterm physio deck 5 > Flashcards

midterm physio deck 5 Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine testes vs endocrine testes

A

exocrine = seminiferous tubules produce male gamete/spermendocrine = interstitium testis produce male sex hormone (testosterone)

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2
Q

scrotumtunica vaginalistunica albuginea

A

thin skin coveringtv = middleta = fibrous layer beneath tunica vaginalis

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3
Q

septula testismediastinum testis

A

st = CT divisionsmt = area where blood and lymphatics, ducts and nerves run into the center of the testis

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4
Q

what structure transports and produces semen

A

seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

leydig cells

A

in the interstitiumthe produce testosterone

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6
Q

sertoli cells

A

in the seminiferous tubules; tall columnar and attached to basal laminanonreplicating nurse cells for developing spermthey form the blood testis barrier

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7
Q

5 sertoli cell functions

A

blood testis barrier (spermatogenetic cells are foreign to the body)support and nutrition for spermatozoaphagocytosissecretion of androgen binding proteinsynthesis of inhibin (feedback on FSH in pituitary)

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8
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia develop into spermin proliferation, mitosis divisions maintain cell population and meiosis division reduced DNA content in halfdifferentiation = change in morphologyspermatogonia –> primary spermatocytes –> secondary spermatocytes –> spermatids –> spermatozoa

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9
Q

spermatogonia

A

stem cells, next to basal laminamitotically divide to maintain population

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10
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

undergo first meiotic division, large cells, 4n ch/2d DNA

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11
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

short lived, undergo second meiotic division without DNA synthesis –> 1n ch/1d DNA

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12
Q

spermatids

A

close to lumen, undergo spermigenesishaploid DNA1 spermatocyte makes 4 spermatidschange to spermatozoa does not involved cell division!

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13
Q

spermatozoa

A

look mature but not motile or functional yet!

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14
Q

spermatogonium enter meiosis with ______ chromosomes and ______ DNA

A

diploid (2n)tetrapoid (4n)

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15
Q

homologous dyads =

A

sister chromatids

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16
Q

chiasma/crossing over occurs during

A

prophase 1

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17
Q

in PMAT of meiosis, when do sister chromatids move back to poles

A

anaphase 1

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18
Q

at the end of telophase 1,

A

resuling daughter cells are haploid (1n)

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19
Q

in anaphase 2

A

single chromatids move towards poles

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20
Q

at the end of meiosis,

A

4 daughter cells w 1n dna and 1n chromosomes(in fertoilization, will fuse w egg to form 2n zygote)

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21
Q

three phases of spermatogenesis

A

golgi phase - proacrosomal vesicles fuse in the golgi and form acrosomal vesiclesacrosomal phase - vesicle expands, flagellum forms, and mitochaondria condensematuration phase - cytoplasm shed (residual bodies) and phagocytosed by sertoli cells and spermatozoa are released

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22
Q

the spermatozoa that leave the seminiferous tubules are…

A

immotile and immaturematuration takes place in the epididymishead is an acrosomal cap with enzymes in itDNA is in the nucleus in the headneck has mitochondriatail has contractile elements

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23
Q

epididymis

A

made of pseudostratified epitheliumthis is where spermatozoa maturewhen they leave, they are motile but not activated

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24
Q

where does activation of sperm occur

A

in the female genital tract

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25
Q

cells of the endocrine testis are the

A

leydig cells in the interstitium near blood vesselsthey secrete testosterone (appears as crystal of reinke)

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26
Q

temperature control for sperm viability

A

requires lower temperature than the core body tempdone by:-testis are outside of peritoneal cavity-suspended by cremaster muscles-cooled by venus pampiniform plexus

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27
Q

cryptorchidism

A

undescended testis

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28
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis

29
Q

tubuli rectirete testis

A

Tubuli recti - straight tubules; terminal end of seminiferous tubules, connecting to rete testisrete testis - interconnected channels in mediastinum testis

30
Q

efferent ductules

A

connect rete testis to ductus epididymis, move sperm, and absorb fluid

31
Q

epididymis

A

pseudostratified epithelium with stereociliafilled with maturing sperm, where they get motility but not activated

32
Q

ductus deferens

A

three layers of SM, epithelium w stereociliapropel sperm by providing strong peristaltic motions during ejaculation

33
Q

seminal vesicles

A

paired, folded tubular gland that secretes fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins = the propellant for spermactive protein synthesis and secretions

34
Q

prostate

A

tubuloalveolar glands that empty into the prostatic urethrasynthesizes and stores PSA, fibrolysin and citric acid that are part of semen

35
Q

bulbourethral glands (cowpers)

A

pea sized paired tubuloalveolar glands that secrete pre-seminal mucus like fluid = a lubricant

36
Q

erection mechanism

A

parasympathetic stimulationincreases AChVIP and nitric oxide increasesincreased cGMP and SM relaxes blood flows into corpora cavernosa and peripheral veins compress so blood cant flow out

37
Q

sildenafil (viagra)

A

blocks PDE5 that breaks down cGMP so cGMP increase is sustained = longer erection

38
Q

sympathetic stimulation does what to erection…

A

terminates it by causing contraction of trabecular SM cells of the helical arteries

39
Q

semen composed of what?

A

fructose and PGs from seminal vesiclesacid phosphatase, fibrolysin, and citric acid from prostateand preseminal fluid lubricant from cowpers glands

40
Q

default sexual differentiation is

A

female pathway

41
Q

genetic sex is determined by…

A

penetration of the ovum by either an x or y spermatozoa

42
Q

internal genitalia determines…external genitalia determines…

A

I - somatic sexE - phenotypc sex

43
Q

indifferent gonad develops from the….accompanied by two structures…

A

genital ridgemesonephric duct (wolfian)paramesonephric duct (mullerian)

44
Q

wolfian duct

A

gives rise to male internal sex structures

45
Q

mullerian/paramesonephric duct

A

gives rise to female internal sex structures

46
Q

urogenital sinus becomes

A

external genitalia

47
Q

indifferent gonads differentiate in the male earlier than the female….

A

6 weeks for male and at 8-9 weeks for female

48
Q

what triggers the cascade events for male differentiation?

A

testosterone and MIF (mullerian inhibitory factor)–MIF is secreted by the sertoli cells in response to SOX9

49
Q

what triggers female sexual differentiation?

A

absence of MIF and estrogen**wolffian regresses

50
Q

5 genes that help differentiate the testes

A

TDF (testis determining factor)H-Y antigenzinc-finger Y (ZFY) geneSRY (sex region on y chromosome)SOX9

51
Q

what stimulates development of : epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct?

A

testosterone; do NOT require conversion of T to DHT

52
Q

external male genitalia like penis, muscles and hair follicles they require

A

testosterone to be made into DHT by 5 alpha reductase

53
Q

5 alpha reductase

A

tranforms T to DHT

54
Q

what stimulates the fetal testes to produce testosterone?

A

hCG human chorionic gonadotropin from the placentahcg acts like LHmaternal LH cant because it cant cross the placenta

55
Q

5 alpha reductase deficiency causes

A

androgen insensitivity syndromeT isnt converted to DHT so external genitalia and 2ndary characteristics are affected in male –> testicular feminization

56
Q

what produces MIF?

A

sertoli cells of the fetal testis

57
Q

in absence of hormonal stimulus the paramesonephric duct spontaneously forms

A

oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina

58
Q

until when is there potential for either external genitalia

A

until 6-7 weeks

59
Q

genital tubercle becomes

A

penis or clitoris

60
Q

urethral folds become

A

penile uretha (corpus spongiosum) or labia minora

61
Q

genital swellings become

A

scrotum or labia majora

62
Q

urogenital sinus becomes

A

prostate or lower 2/3 of vagina

63
Q

what is the mechanism by which the condition of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is associated with a masculinization of a female fetus?

A

excess androgens due to not enough negative feedbackbaby with inadequate cortisol and aldosteroneemergency

64
Q

the last structure to undergo irreversible programming in sexual differentiation is

A

the hypothalamusintrinsically female and will have cyclic release of gonadotropins; masculinization is mediated by androgens

65
Q

if the hypothalamus is under presence of androgens

A

it will be masculinized and become unresponsive to the cyclic positive feedback of estrogen

66
Q

at puberty, changes occur in hypothalamus

A

set point for gonadotropin inhibition by sex steroids rises, gonadotropin secretion increases and a concomitant increase in sex steroids occurs

67
Q

additional hypothalamic maturation step is

A

the establishment of a + feedback mechanism for estrogen on the release of LH and FSH – will evoke midcycle surge of gonadotropins necessary for ovulation

68
Q

childhood obesity is setting the stage for

A

metabolic syndrome= obesity, HTN, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistanceit is a chronic proinflammatory state

Repro/Endo FInal (23 decks)

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