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Repro/Endo FInal > midterm physio deck 5 > Flashcards

midterm physio deck 5 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

exocrine testes vs endocrine testes

A

exocrine = seminiferous tubules produce male gamete/spermendocrine = interstitium testis produce male sex hormone (testosterone)

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2
Q

scrotumtunica vaginalistunica albuginea

A

thin skin coveringtv = middleta = fibrous layer beneath tunica vaginalis

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3
Q

septula testismediastinum testis

A

st = CT divisionsmt = area where blood and lymphatics, ducts and nerves run into the center of the testis

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4
Q

what structure transports and produces semen

A

seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

leydig cells

A

in the interstitiumthe produce testosterone

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6
Q

sertoli cells

A

in the seminiferous tubules; tall columnar and attached to basal laminanonreplicating nurse cells for developing spermthey form the blood testis barrier

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7
Q

5 sertoli cell functions

A

blood testis barrier (spermatogenetic cells are foreign to the body)support and nutrition for spermatozoaphagocytosissecretion of androgen binding proteinsynthesis of inhibin (feedback on FSH in pituitary)

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8
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia develop into spermin proliferation, mitosis divisions maintain cell population and meiosis division reduced DNA content in halfdifferentiation = change in morphologyspermatogonia –> primary spermatocytes –> secondary spermatocytes –> spermatids –> spermatozoa

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9
Q

spermatogonia

A

stem cells, next to basal laminamitotically divide to maintain population

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10
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

undergo first meiotic division, large cells, 4n ch/2d DNA

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11
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

short lived, undergo second meiotic division without DNA synthesis –> 1n ch/1d DNA

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12
Q

spermatids

A

close to lumen, undergo spermigenesishaploid DNA1 spermatocyte makes 4 spermatidschange to spermatozoa does not involved cell division!

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13
Q

spermatozoa

A

look mature but not motile or functional yet!

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14
Q

spermatogonium enter meiosis with ______ chromosomes and ______ DNA

A

diploid (2n)tetrapoid (4n)

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15
Q

homologous dyads =

A

sister chromatids

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16
Q

chiasma/crossing over occurs during

A

prophase 1

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17
Q

in PMAT of meiosis, when do sister chromatids move back to poles

A

anaphase 1

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18
Q

at the end of telophase 1,

A

resuling daughter cells are haploid (1n)

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19
Q

in anaphase 2

A

single chromatids move towards poles

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20
Q

at the end of meiosis,

A

4 daughter cells w 1n dna and 1n chromosomes(in fertoilization, will fuse w egg to form 2n zygote)

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21
Q

three phases of spermatogenesis

A

golgi phase - proacrosomal vesicles fuse in the golgi and form acrosomal vesiclesacrosomal phase - vesicle expands, flagellum forms, and mitochaondria condensematuration phase - cytoplasm shed (residual bodies) and phagocytosed by sertoli cells and spermatozoa are released

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22
Q

the spermatozoa that leave the seminiferous tubules are…

A

immotile and immaturematuration takes place in the epididymishead is an acrosomal cap with enzymes in itDNA is in the nucleus in the headneck has mitochondriatail has contractile elements

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23
Q

epididymis

A

made of pseudostratified epitheliumthis is where spermatozoa maturewhen they leave, they are motile but not activated

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24
Q

where does activation of sperm occur

A

in the female genital tract

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25
cells of the endocrine testis are the
leydig cells in the interstitium near blood vesselsthey secrete testosterone (appears as crystal of reinke)
26
temperature control for sperm viability
requires lower temperature than the core body tempdone by:-testis are outside of peritoneal cavity-suspended by cremaster muscles-cooled by venus pampiniform plexus
27
cryptorchidism
undescended testis
28
hydrocele
fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis
29
tubuli rectirete testis
Tubuli recti - straight tubules; terminal end of seminiferous tubules, connecting to rete testisrete testis - interconnected channels in mediastinum testis
30
efferent ductules
connect rete testis to ductus epididymis, move sperm, and absorb fluid
31
epididymis
pseudostratified epithelium with stereociliafilled with maturing sperm, where they get motility but not activated
32
ductus deferens
three layers of SM, epithelium w stereociliapropel sperm by providing strong peristaltic motions during ejaculation
33
seminal vesicles
paired, folded tubular gland that secretes fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins = the propellant for spermactive protein synthesis and secretions
34
prostate
tubuloalveolar glands that empty into the prostatic urethrasynthesizes and stores PSA, fibrolysin and citric acid that are part of semen
35
bulbourethral glands (cowpers)
pea sized paired tubuloalveolar glands that secrete pre-seminal mucus like fluid = a lubricant
36
erection mechanism
parasympathetic stimulationincreases AChVIP and nitric oxide increasesincreased cGMP and SM relaxes blood flows into corpora cavernosa and peripheral veins compress so blood cant flow out
37
sildenafil (viagra)
blocks PDE5 that breaks down cGMP so cGMP increase is sustained = longer erection
38
sympathetic stimulation does what to erection...
terminates it by causing contraction of trabecular SM cells of the helical arteries
39
semen composed of what?
fructose and PGs from seminal vesiclesacid phosphatase, fibrolysin, and citric acid from prostateand preseminal fluid lubricant from cowpers glands
40
default sexual differentiation is
female pathway
41
genetic sex is determined by...
penetration of the ovum by either an x or y spermatozoa
42
internal genitalia determines...external genitalia determines...
I - somatic sexE - phenotypc sex
43
indifferent gonad develops from the....accompanied by two structures...
genital ridgemesonephric duct (wolfian)paramesonephric duct (mullerian)
44
wolfian duct
gives rise to male internal sex structures
45
mullerian/paramesonephric duct
gives rise to female internal sex structures
46
urogenital sinus becomes
external genitalia
47
indifferent gonads differentiate in the male earlier than the female....
6 weeks for male and at 8-9 weeks for female
48
what triggers the cascade events for male differentiation?
testosterone and MIF (mullerian inhibitory factor)--MIF is secreted by the sertoli cells in response to SOX9
49
what triggers female sexual differentiation?
absence of MIF and estrogen**wolffian regresses
50
5 genes that help differentiate the testes
TDF (testis determining factor)H-Y antigenzinc-finger Y (ZFY) geneSRY (sex region on y chromosome)SOX9
51
what stimulates development of : epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct?
testosterone; do NOT require conversion of T to DHT
52
external male genitalia like penis, muscles and hair follicles they require
testosterone to be made into DHT by 5 alpha reductase
53
5 alpha reductase
tranforms T to DHT
54
what stimulates the fetal testes to produce testosterone?
hCG human chorionic gonadotropin from the placentahcg acts like LHmaternal LH cant because it cant cross the placenta
55
5 alpha reductase deficiency causes
androgen insensitivity syndromeT isnt converted to DHT so external genitalia and 2ndary characteristics are affected in male --> testicular feminization
56
what produces MIF?
sertoli cells of the fetal testis
57
in absence of hormonal stimulus the paramesonephric duct spontaneously forms
oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina
58
until when is there potential for either external genitalia
until 6-7 weeks
59
genital tubercle becomes
penis or clitoris
60
urethral folds become
penile uretha (corpus spongiosum) or labia minora
61
genital swellings become
scrotum or labia majora
62
urogenital sinus becomes
prostate or lower 2/3 of vagina
63
what is the mechanism by which the condition of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is associated with a masculinization of a female fetus?
excess androgens due to not enough negative feedbackbaby with inadequate cortisol and aldosteroneemergency
64
the last structure to undergo irreversible programming in sexual differentiation is
the hypothalamusintrinsically female and will have cyclic release of gonadotropins; masculinization is mediated by androgens
65
if the hypothalamus is under presence of androgens
it will be masculinized and become unresponsive to the cyclic positive feedback of estrogen
66
at puberty, changes occur in hypothalamus
set point for gonadotropin inhibition by sex steroids rises, gonadotropin secretion increases and a concomitant increase in sex steroids occurs
67
additional hypothalamic maturation step is
the establishment of a + feedback mechanism for estrogen on the release of LH and FSH -- will evoke midcycle surge of gonadotropins necessary for ovulation
68
childhood obesity is setting the stage for
metabolic syndrome= obesity, HTN, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistanceit is a chronic proinflammatory state

Repro/Endo FInal (23 decks)

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