Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro/Endo FInal > midterm physio deck 1 > Flashcards

midterm physio deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

FSH negative feedback

A

has a set point from the hypothalamus when level falls –> hypothalamus released pituitary FSH which acts on ovaries to enhance steroid production –> back to set pointestrogen and progesterone give feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit FSH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two amine hormones?

A

norepi and epi (catecholamines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

7 protein peptide hormones

A

prolactinADHadrenocorticotropinTRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)inhibinsomatomedinschorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ribosomal vs enzymatic hormone synthesis

A

ribosomal –> protein hormones; 1 large precursor –> posttranslational cleavagesenzymatic –> amine, iodothyronine and steroid hormones; direct synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what hormones circulate free (not bound to carrier)?

A

protein and amine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what hormones need to be bound to carriers in circulation?

A

iodothyronines and steroids (insoluble)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where are carrier proteins made?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

site of hormone action for1) protein and amine hormones2) iodothyronine and steroid hormones

A

1) cell surface (more receptors = more responsiveness)2) cytosol and nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what kind of receptor does insulin and growth factors use?

A

tryosine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell surface g protein mechanism

A

amine or protein hormone binds –> conformational change –> GTP binds to regulatory protein –> activation of adenylate cyclase (ATP –> cAMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mechanism of cell surface receptor linked to phospholipase c

A

hormone binds –> enzyme PLC is activated by g protein and splits membrane PIP2 (phosphatdyl inositol 45 bisphosphate) into IP3 and DG (diacylglycerol)–DG activated protein kinase c (PKC) –> phosphorylates proteins–IP3 stimulates ca release from ER –> ca is a tertiary messenger for enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

steroid hormone mechanism

A

lipid soluble and dissolves through lipid bilayer –> binds to cytosol and nuclear intracellular receptors –> form dimers –> dimers go to nucleus and bind chromatin-promoter elements –> enaple expression or repression of that genesteroid hormones directly regulate transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

thyroid hormone mechanism

A

act in nucleus to regulate DNA expressionthyroxine (T4) is the precursor for the active t3(triiodothyronine)t4 is activated to t3 by a deiodinase enzymet3 then diffuses into nucleus and binds chromatin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pituitary divisions

A

adenohypophysis = anterior—-pars tuberalis, pars distalis(anterior), and pars intermedianeurohypophysis = posterior—-pars nervosa infundibulum = neural stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pituitary comes from 2 embryonic sources =at 11 weeks, ?

A

neural ectoderm and upward growth from oral cavityat 11 weeks it is cradled by the sphenoid in the sella turcica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hormones from the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) =

A

FLAT PGFSHLHACTHTSHprolactinGH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

three types of cells in the adenohypophysis

A

basophilsacidophils chromophobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

basophils secrete?

A

secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH (FLAT)thyrotrophs –> TSHgonadotrophs –> FSH and LHcorticotrophs –> ACTH, B endorphin and B lipotrophin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

acidophils secrete?

A

prolactin, GH and APGlactotrophs –> prolactinsomatotrophs –> GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chromophobes

A

are degranulated, precursor, or apoptotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

does pituitary have a vascular system?

A

yes, capillaries are fenestrated with diaphragms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TRH

A

made by hypothalamus and works on thryotroph to make TSH –> thyroid hormones do negative feedback on thyrotrophs and hypothalamus neuroendocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dopamine vs prolactin

A

dopamine inhibits prolactin productionsucking and estrogen decrease dopamine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

intermediate lobe of pituitary releases…

A

MSH (appetite regulation)opioids (endorphin, dynorphin)POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

POMC

A

pro-opiomelanocortinthe precursor to ACTH, alpha-MSH, B-MSH, gamma MSH, and B endorphin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pars nervosa and its products

A

posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)—major nuclei are above the gland and contain neurosecretory cells –> their projections enter the pars nervosaocytocin - contraction of SM ADH (vasopressin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is synthesized in the pineal body?

A

melatonin

28
Q

melatonin synthesis

A

tryptophan–> 5-hydroxytryptophan –> serotonin –> N-acetylserotonin –> melatonin

29
Q

sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland (pineal pathway)

A

light –> eye –> suprachiasmatic nucleus –> sympathetic central pathway –> superior cervical ganglion –> pineal gland

30
Q

effects of melatonin

A

increased secretion at night–CNS and liver metabolismtargets are retina, CNS, and pituitaryeffects on circadian rhythm, reproduction, aging, and disease

31
Q

hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary (neurophypophysis) are synthesized where?

A

in neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus –> then transported down axons via the neurohypophyseal tract for storage and release in the pars nervosa

32
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

cell bodies in the hypothalamus and the axon terminals in the neurohypophysis (where the secretory granules are)

33
Q

5 mechanisms for regulating fluid and electrolyte balance

A

ADH –> promotes renal water conservationthirstrenin-agiotensin-aldosterone (salt and volume)atrial natriuretic hormonesodium appetite

34
Q

ADH mechanism

A

bind to cell surface receptor –> activate adenylate cyclase –> increased cyclic AMP –>increased permeability of nephron to water = resorption of water

35
Q

when body hydration goes down, adh secretion goes

A

up

36
Q

ADH pressor effect

A

when released in large amounts, ADH has a pressor effect (vaspressin)vasoconstriction that increases BP, venous return, and cardiac output

37
Q

osmoreceptors are located in the

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus

38
Q

volume receptors are located in the?role?

A

left atrium and pulmonary veinsthey relay signals back to the anterior hypothalamic nuclei

39
Q

thirst center is located in the

A

hypothalamus

40
Q

2 most important factors regulating ADH secretion are

A

1- the osmolality of the plasma around the osmoreceptors2 - the effective blood volume around the volume receptors

41
Q

increase in plasma osmolality –>

A

increased thirst/ADH secretion

42
Q

ADH and ocytocin biosynthesis

A

separate precursors in granules from hypothalamus travel down neurohypophyseal tract –> during transport posttranslational processing occurs w enzymatic cleavages –> mature granules are stored in the nerve terminals in the pars nervosa in Herring bodiesdepolarization releases contents + neurophysin (unknown effect) into blood–ACh is stimulatory; norepi is inhibitory

43
Q

ADH and oxytocin in circulation: by carrier or free?

A

circulate free; t1/2=15 mininactivated by proteolytic enzymes in liver/kidney/blood

44
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

H20 disorder due to low or lack of ADH or inability of ADH to work –> causes polyuria and polydipsia–permanent DI is due to damage to hypothalamus, median eminence or upper stalk

45
Q

neurohypophyseal DI

A

partial or complete lack of ADH (hypothalamic issue)—renal water loss = water depletion from all fluid compartments –> hypovolemia, serum hyperosmolality, and hypernatremiahyperosmolality activates thirst –> polydipsia** if thirst center is also damaged –> adypsia/hypodipsia = dangerous depletion

46
Q

treatment for neurohypophyseal DI

A

super active ADH analog–if partial lack – ADH replacement, DDAVP(desamino D arginine vasopressin)

47
Q

nephrogenic DI

A

lack of ADH action because distal nephron wont respond to ADH***exogenous ADH cannot reinstate water balance, unlike the other type of DI (neurohypophyseal)treatment

48
Q

psychogenic polydipsia

A

compulsve water drinking = impaired thirst mechanismdilution of body fluids –> serum hypoosmolality and hyponatremia = suppressed ADHin absence of ADH, lots of dilute urine to normalize osmolalitycan cause washout effect if excessive intake is prolonged –> kidneys unable to concentrate urine***polydipsia PRECEDES polyuriatreat with sustained water restriction!!

49
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH(schwartz barry syndrome)inapropriately high ADH secretion due to changed set point (hypothalamic) or exogenous ADH (tumor) or faulty receptors–> water retention, dilutional hyponatremia, rise in ecvand inappropriate concentrated urineincreased renal blood flow = decreased renin secretion –> decreased aldosterone –> increased Na excretionstretched atrium can release natriuretic factor –> increased Na excretion –> hyponatremia

50
Q

SIADH treatment

A

reduce water intake, remove cause, suppress ADH (dilantin) and inhibit ADH (lithium receptor antagonist)

51
Q

actions of oxytocin

A

lactation and parturition (induces labor)

52
Q

sheehan syndrome

A

pituitary infarction (loss of anterior) due to circulatory collapse from hemorrhage at parturition–during pregnancy blood supply doesnt expand as the gland does–hemorrhage cuts supply –> necrosis and infarction

53
Q

pituitary tumors cause vision issues because

A

they impinge on the optic chiasm

54
Q

neurohypophysis is derived from?adenohypophysis is derived from?

A

N- diencephalon (neural)/infundibulumA- rathkes pouch (ectoderm from oral cavity)

55
Q

thyroid formation

A

from endoderm and neural crest (parafollicular cells from ultimobranchial body)moves from foramen cecum down to location**if the path isnt obliterated, there can by thyroglossal cysts left over

56
Q

the kidneys ascend until

A

they contact the suprarenal glands in the 9th week

57
Q

fetal cortex of suprarenal gland

A

fetal cortex is functional until the 2nd post-natal month when it starts regressing; the remaining definitive cortex becomes organized into three layers seen in the adult

58
Q

pancreas formation

A

from two budsthe dorsal and ventral buds fusetip of ventral becomes the uncinate process

59
Q

endocrine cells in the testes

A

leydig cells produce testosteronesertoli cells secrete MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor) and inhibin

60
Q

endocrine cells of the ovary

A

follicular cells produce estrogenluteal cells produce progesterone

61
Q

embryologic origin of pituitary:anteriorintermediateposterior

A

a and i = ectoderm of the oral cavity/rathkes pouch p = ectoderm of neural tube

62
Q

embryologic origin of pineal gland and thyroid

A

pineal = ectoderm/neural tubethyroid–follicular cells = endoderm, foramen cecum–parafollicular cells = neural crest, ultimobranchial body

63
Q

embryologic origin of the parathyroidsuperiorinferior

A

s= endoderm of 4th pharyngeal pouchi = endoderm of 3rd pharyngeal pouch

64
Q

suprarenal cortex is fromsuprarenal medulla is from

A

SC - mesodermSM = neural crest

65
Q

ovary and testis are from

A

gonad, mesoderm

Repro/Endo FInal (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions