Midterm Part 2 Flashcards
What is the term for the study of the distribution and patterns of health and disease and their cases in populations?
Epidemiology
What are the 5 popular questions asked by epidemiologists?
How many, who, when, where, and what do they have in common
What is the term for the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time?
prevalence
What is the term for the number of cases at a specific point in time?
point prevalence
What is the term for the number of cases over a specified period of time?
Period prevalence
T/F: Prevalence is a measure of risk for developing the disease.
False; this is true of incidence
What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease within a specified population during a given time period?
Incidence
T/F: Acute diseases do not last longer than a month.
False; acute diseases can last up to 3 months
T/F: Chronic diseases are those that last 3 months or more.
True
T/F: An endemic disease is one which is constantly present in the community or population.
True
What public health term is used when a large number of cases that are out of proportion to what is normally expected?
Epidemic disease
What term is used when only a few scattered cases of a disease occur within an area or population?
sporadic disease
What is the term used to describe when an epidemic occurs simultaneously on more than one continent?
pandemic disease
What is incidence?
a measure of risk for developing the disease
T/F: A cause means that things are linked in some way that makes them turn up together.
False; this an association (ice cream does not cause drowning in the summer)
“Chiropractic adjustments cause strokes and death” is an example of what?
logical fallacy
T/F: causation of a disease outbreak is easy to establish.
False; very difficult
Regarding epidemiology, what 3 things are included in Descriptive Studies?
who, when, where
What are the two basic types of Analytical studies?
Experimental and observational
What kind of research/study is considered the “Gold Standard”
Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)
T/F: An RCT is an example of an observational study.
False; experimental study
T/F: RCTs are the Gold Standard because bias is minimized and the ability to make causal inferences is enhanced.
True
Cohorts, case-control, cross-sectional, and case studies are all examples of what kind of study?
observational
T/F: Cohort studies are retrospective
False; they are prospective (look forward)
T/F: Case-Control studies are retrospective and use existing records to determine populations at risk.
True
T/F: During a cohort study, the cohort is identifies in present time and followed up prospectively.
True
T/F: Cross-Sectional studies are also known as cohort studies.
False; Cross-sectional aka survey (no follow-up)
T/F: Case Reports are useful in describing novel and interesting studies and commonly help to develop hypotheses.
True
What are the two main types of Secondary Data Analysis?
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
T/F: One of the reasons behind HP2020 is to provide a blueprint to effectively track and address the most important health care needs of people worldwide.
False; HP2020 (Healthy People 2020) is for Americans, not the whole world. Sorry Canada.
T/F: The Healthy People Initiative (HP2020) focuses on disease prevention/health promotion, and is considered the cornerstone of evidence-based prevention and health promotion activities in the world.
False; America only
T/F: The Healthy People Initiative is coordinated by the World Health Organization.
False; coordinated by the US Dept of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
T/F: HP2020 was published in the year 2000.
False; 2010 (every decade since 1990)
What are the overarching goals of HP2020?
high quality, longer lives;
eliminate disparities;
social and physical environments that promote good health;
quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors
T/F: HP2020 consists of 42 Leading Health Indicators and 12 Focus areas.
False; vice-versa
T/F: A Wellness Model of Practice contains the following components: adjusting, screening for risk factors, and health behavior counseling.
True
