Midterm- Lessons Flashcards
Primary prevention of disease
actions/ behaviours designed to prevent health problems from arising- target whole populations; immunization, safe sex
Secondary prevention of disease
early recognition and intervention to eliminate or reduce symptoms before more serious illness develops- targets “at risk” individuals; diet intervention for ↑ blood sugar, smoking cessation
Tertiary prevention of disease
treatment or rehabilitation efforts aimed at limiting the effects of disease- targets patients; chemotherapy, bypass surgery
Health inequity is found in…
race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, disability, sexual orientation
Benefits of optimal health on individual level
- ↑life expectancy, quality of life (QOL)
- ↑physiological function, energy
- improved physical appearance
- improve self-esteem, positive outlook
- enhanced relationship
- ↑ ability to manage stress
- ↑ capacity to cope with life’s challenge
Benefits of optimal health on global level
- ↓direct medical care costs
- ↓ indirect costs associated with poor health
What is health?
“health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
health vs wellness
- Health: the dynamic, ever-changing process of trying to achieve individual potential in the health dimensions
- Wellness: achieving one’s potential in each of the health components
what are the 7 health dimensions
physical, social, intellectual, emotional, occupations, environmental, spiritual
physical health
body size, shape, functioning, susceptibility to disease, ability to perform ADL
social health
capacity for satisfying relationships, successful interactions, communication
intellectual health
ability to think clearly, reason objectively and make responsible decisions
emotional health
ability to express emotions effectively and appropriately, self-esteem, trust
occupational health
satisfaction from career, career development, work/life balance
environmental health
appreciation of one’s external environment, concern for preserving, protecting and improving
spiritual health
having a sense of meaning and purpose in one’s life, strength and hope
Life expectancy
number of years a person can be expected to live based on their birth year
morbidity vs mortality
morbidity: another term for illness or disease
mortality: another term for death
incidence
number of new cases of a specific condition in a specific population within a specific time period likelihood of being
- diagnosed with a specific condition in a specified time
prevalence
total number of cases of a specific condition existing in a specific population within a specific time period
acute vs chronic
Acute- condition symptoms appear and change or worsen rapidly; heart attack
chronic- condition develops or worsens over an extended period of time
infectious disease
caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi. Can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another
- E.g.hepatitus, malaria, STIs
non-infectious disease
medical conditions or diseases which cannot be transmitted person to person
e.g. heart disease, stroke, cancer
non modifable vs modifiable risk factors
Non-modifiable risk factors: risk factors that cannot be manipulated or changed
e.g. age, gender, ethnicity, genetics
Modifiable risk factors: those we can do something about
e.g. diet, physical,
Readiness for change
Precontemplation (Not thinking about it yet)
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
Factors affecting chaneg
predisposing, enabling, reinforcing
predisposing factors
- factors that predispose us to certain conditions and are likely to lead to certain behaviours; habits from family
enabling factors
factors that make health decisions more convenient or more difficult; access to resources
reinforcing factors
support or lack if support from significant other, situations, that shape behaviour; public policy
what do the ABC’s of behaviour stand for
Antecedents, behaviour, consequences
6 behaviour-changing techniques
shaping, visualizing, modelling, controlling te situation, reinforcement, changing self-talk
Behaviour Change Techniques - shaping
-developing behaviour in small steps
- keep steps small and realistic
- be flexible but systematic
- reward yourself for meeting short and long-term goals
- healthy eating
Behaviour Change Techniques- visualizing
- imagined rehearsal
- mental practice increases preparedness
example: marathon run
Behaviour Change Techniques- modelling
-careful observation of others
-model behaviour after proven success
example: presentation skills
Behaviour Change Techniques- controlling the situation
-situational inducement
-placement in right situation or group
example: smoking cessation
Behaviour Change Techniques-reinforcement
positive incentives
highly individual
Tangible rewards, enjoyable activities, social
Behaviour Change Techniques- changing self-talk
altering internal dialogue
identify, challenge and replace negative thoughts
“blocking” or thought stopping
self instructions and positive affirmations
SMART
specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound
4 determinants of health
social and economical environment, personal health behaviours, physical environments, biology and genetics
5 things involved in social and economical environment
SES, ethnicity/culture, social support, health services, public policy
5 things involved in personal health behaviours
diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, coping skill
4 things involved in biology and genetics
genetic endowment, gender, prenatal care, healthy child development
4 things involved in physical environment
Airborne contaminants, secondhand smoke
contaminated water(drinking, washing)
unsafe food supply
safe housing, workplaces, communities
2 causes of mood disorders
- endogenous: caused from inside the body, chemical change in the brain
-exogenous: caused from outside the body, response to event
SAD (seasonal affected disorder)
depression occurring in the winter months
associates with low levels of sunlight
Postpartum depression
after delivery of baby, associates with family, biology (hormones), personality, life experiences, environment (supports)
Bipolar Disorder
alternating episodes of mania & depression
GDA (generalized anxiety disorder)
chronic and debilitating anxiety or worry
out of proportion to actual risk
Social anxiety disorder
most common of all anxiety disorders
fear of being appraised or judged negatively
out of proportion to situation
Panic disorder
Sudden onset of disabling fear
intense episodes that come “out of the blue”
“Fight or flight” response is activated
Phobias
intense and persistent fear of something very specific
considerable distress leads to avoidance behaviour
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Unwanted thoughts, images, impulses (obsessions)
disturbing, cause anxiety
need to perform certain acts or behaviours
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
follows exposure to a traumatic event
psychosis
loss of contact with reality
difficulty distinguishing what is real, and what is not real
Schizophrenia
alterations of the senses, inability to inability, altered sense of self
Treatment protocols
lifestyles modification, talk therapies, medication, life skill training
lifestyle modification
eating healthy, pa, stress manegment, sleep, treatment for subtance abuse
talk therapies
psychotherapy - cognitive-behaviour therapy
individual, group or family therapy
psychoeducation
Social support
medications
antidepressants, anti-anxiety
Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics
life skills training
social skills, academic/employment counselling, housing
2 types of stress
eustress- positive stress
distress- a negative stress
homeostasis
state of physical and mental balance in which all of the body’s systems function smoothly
Physiology and psychology equilibrium
alarm phase
Homeostasis is disrupted\sympathetic nervous system (SNS) prepares for “fight or flight”
Releases epinephrine
Increases HR, BR,
Resistance Phase
Body reacts to stressors to regain homeostasis\parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
Slows systems stimulated by stress response
Exhaustion phase
Energy used for stress response is depleted
Short-term stress - energy os replenished
Chronic stress; depletes adaptive energy stores and may lead to burnout or serious illness
stress direct effects on health
stress produces physiological and psychological changes promoting the development of illness
stress interactive effects on health
stress interacts with pre-existing physical and psychological vulnerabilities
7 approaches for studying the body
body planes and body directions
body cavities
body quadrants and regions
anatomy and physiology
microscopic to macroscopic
body systems
medical specialties
3 body planes
coronal, sagittal plane, transverse plane
coronal plane
Vertical plane - divides body into front & back sections
sagittal plane
Vertical plane- divides body into right & left sections
medially vs lateral
medially- Moving from the side of the body toward the midline
laterally- Moving from the midline toward the side of the body
transverse plane
Horizontal plane- divides the body into upper & lower sections
the upper half of the body is the superior section, the lower half is inferior
cephalad vs cauded direction
cephalad- Moving toward the head is moving in a superior direction, or superiorly
cauded-Moving toward the tailbone is moving in an inferior direction, or inferiorly
proximal vs distal
proximal- towards the body
distal- away from body
superficial vs deep
supericial - external
deep- internal
what is disease?
change in the structure or the function of the body
idiopathic
having no cure
congenital
caused by an abnormality in developing fetus or abnormal process in pregnancy/childbirth
herediary
genetic inheritance
degenerative
progressive disease over time
infectious
caused by a pathogen
neoplastic
caused by the growth of a tumour or mass
iatrogenic
caused by medical treatment
diagnosis
dentification & description of the nature and cause of a disease or condition
sign vs symptom
symptoms- change in health status experienced by patient
sign- symptom seen or detected by others
process of diagnosis
symptoms –> history–> clinical exam–> diagnosis–>
evaluation of presenting signs and symptoms
Talk to your patients
inspection, palpation, ausculation & percussion
Vital signs
Anthropometric measures
prognosis
- predicted outcome
Progression of disease
prospect for recovery
