Diabetes

Question 1

How does the body maintain a constant level of blood glucose?

Answer 1

GI tract- food
Liver- glycogen, gluconeogenesis

Question 2

What is blood glucose homeostasis regulated by:

Answer 2

insulin, glucagon, epinephrine

Question 3

insulin

Answer 3

responds to a rise in blood sugar
- promotes uptake and/or storage of glucose by cells

Question 4

glucagon

Answer 4

responds to a drop in blood sugar
- brings glucose out of storage

Question 5

epinephrine

Answer 5

helps raise blood glucose
- fight or flight

Question 6

what is the normal fasting blood glucose amount?

Answer 6

4.0-6.0 mmol/L

Question 7

What is diabetes?

Answer 7

a complex metabolic disorder
- due to the insufficient production or utilization of insulin
- inability to absorb, transport and utilize glucose

Question 8

What happens to glucose in diabetes?

Answer 8

Glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy

Question 9

Diagnosis of diabetes is made on the basis of

Answer 9

• fasting blood sugar: more than or equal to 7mmol/L
• oral glucose tolerance test: more than or equal to 11.1mmol/L
• A1C: more than or equal to 6.5% (in adults)

Question 10

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

produces little or no insulin

Question 11

cause of type 1 diabetes

Answer 11

cause = unknown
- probably autoimmune: body’s immune system attacks beta cells of the pancreas

Question 12

Can you prevent type 1 diabetes

Answer 12

not preventable

Question 13

What was type 1 diabetes previously known as

Answer 13

insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes

Question 14

Onset of type 1 diabetes

Answer 14

early childhood –> young adult hood

Question 15

what percentage of cases does type 1 diabetes account for

Answer 15

10%

Question 16

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 16

the pancreas produces too little insulin or body is no long sensitive to the presence of insulin (insulin resistance)

Question 17

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes

Answer 17

obesity, age >40yrs, ethnicity, genetics

Question 18

Onset for type 2 diabetes

Answer 18

traditionally it was an adult-onset disease but is now diagnosed in children and adolecents

Question 19

Gestational Diabetes (GDM)

Answer 19

temporary condition in pregnancy (5.4%)

Question 20

Cause of GDM

Answer 20

the pancreas produces an insufficient insulin to deal with excess needs in pregnancy and change in hormones

Question 21

risk factors of GDM

Answer 21

age less than or equal to 35yrs, obesity, previous baby >9lbs, pre-diabetes, GDM in previous pregnancy

Question 22

Prevention strategies for type 2

Answer 22

• eating healthy (limit refind sugars), regular PA, weight management

Question 23

signs and symptoms

Answer 23

excessive thirst, frequent urination
excessive hunger
extreme fatigue
weight loss (type 1)
headache, blurred vision
elevated blood sugar - hyperglycemia
glucose in the urine - glucosuria

Question 24

health complications

Answer 24

• Associated with chronic exposure to increase blood sugar: damage to blood vessels and veins
• retinopathy: eye disease, blindness
• nephropathy: kidney disease
• peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy: tingling and numbness in extremities, poor circulation
• erectile disfunction

Question 25

Management/Treatment

Answer 25

• diet planning
• regular PA
• weight management
• blood glucose control
• Monitoring of blood sugar
• skin check - foot care
• regular medical assessment
  lower/regulate blood sugar levels: 4-7mmol/L

Question 26

insulin treatment

Answer 26

• rapid, short, intermediate, ling acting
• different strengths
• by injection; 1-4/day
  - pens, syringes, pumps

Question 27

Hypoglycemia cause

Answer 27

• too much insulin; not enough food
• too much PA

Question 28

Hypoglycemia signs

Answer 28

shaky, lightheaded, sweaty, weak, tachycardia, headache

Question 29

Living with diabetes

Answer 29

1st goal: primary prevention
after diagnosis: blood sugar control, minimize long term complications

Question 29

Living with diabetes

Answer 29

1st goal: primary prevention
after diagnosis: blood sugar control, minimize long term complications