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HE100 > Cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is CVD?

A

a collection of diseases of heart and blood vessels
- heart disease and stroke

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2
Q

What place in the leading cause of death is CVD in Canada?

A

2nd leading cause of death in Canada

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3
Q

Why are the mortality rates declining?

A
  • understanding, and management of risk factors
  • advances in diagnostic procedures
  • better emergency medical assistance programs
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4
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made of

A

heart and blood vessels

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5
Q

roles of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. transport O2, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes to tissues, remove waste products
  2. regulates body temperature, fluid balance, pH
  3. protects body from infection
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6
Q

What is in the cardiorespiratory system?

A

heart, lungs, blood vessels

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7
Q

how much does a heart weigh?

A

200-425g

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8
Q

how many heartbeats?

A

2.5biliion beats

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9
Q

what is the pericardium

A

sac surrounding the heart?

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10
Q

how many chambers of the heart?

A

4

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11
Q

what are the chambers of the heart separated by

A

valved- regulate flow of blood

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12
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Pacemaker- electrical signal for contraction of right atrium

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13
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart
- branch into smaller blood vessels (arterioles)

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14
Q

Veins

A

carry blood back to the heart
- branch into smaller vessels (venules)

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

very small blood vessels
- connect the arterial and venous sub-circulation
- passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste between blood and parts of your body

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16
Q

Coronary blood supply

A

right and left coronary arteries
- supply blood to the heart muscle -myocardium

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17
Q

Cardiac veins

A

removal of deoxygenated blood

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18
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • narrowing/hardening of the arteries, fatty substances (plaque) in the lining of artery
  • arteries lose elasticity and narrow
    - impedes blood flow-partial or full blockage
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19
Q

how does atherosclerosis begin

A

with damage to lining of the blood vessels

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20
Q

atherosclerosis: minor blockage?

A

blood nay re-route through small unused blood vessels - collateral circulation

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21
Q

what could atherosclerosis lead to?

A
  • coronary heart disease
  • carotid artery disease (reduce blood flow to brain)
  • peripheral artery disease (pelvis, arms, legs)
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22
Q

restricted blood flow of CHD/CAD

A

75%

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23
Q

Myocardial (MI)

A

heart attack

24
Q

thrombosis

A

blood clot in coronary artery

25
Q

heart attack warning signs

A

Chest discomfort – pain/pressure
Radiating - neck, shoulders, arms, chin
Shortness of breath
sweating, nausea
lightheadedness

26
Q

stroke

A

cerebrovascular - sudden loss of brain function

27
Q

what are strokes caused by

A

thrombus(blood clot) or embolus
- disrupts blood flow to brain

28
Q

aneurysm

A

weakend blood vessel

29
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

rupture of blood vessel in the brain

30
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

mini-stroke - temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain

31
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A
  • condition involving irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
  • tachycardia vs bradycardia
32
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle- decrease ability to pump

33
Q

Congenital heart disease

A

defect in the heart or blood vessels near the heart at birth

34
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • heart disease heart is damaged or weakened
  • decreased pumping action- backup of fluid in lungs, extremities
35
Q

modifiable CVD risks

A

High blood pressure
high blood cholesterol
smoking
physical activity
overweight, obesity
stress
diabetes
excessive alcohol intake

36
Q

non modifiable CVD risks

A

age , gender, family history
ethnicity, previous CVD event

37
Q

hypertension

A

chronic elevated BP
> 140/90 mmHg
> 130-139/85-89 = high normal

38
Q

Systolic BP (upper valve)

A

pressure exerted against walls of arteries- heart is contracting

39
Q

Diastolic

A

pressure exerted against walls of arteries- heart is relaxed

40
Q

ECG - electrocardiogram

A

records electrical signals of heart

41
Q

Holter monitor

A

24 hour heart rate, rhythm

42
Q

Ultrasound

A

echocardiogram, - high-frequency sound wave
- creates image of heart and sound waves

43
Q

PET

A

position emission tomography

44
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

45
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

46
Q

Serum analysis

A

Lipid profiles, C-reactive protein
Homocysteine
cardiac enzyme

47
Q

angiogram

A

cardio catheterization
- catheter threaded from groin to heart
- detects blockages, stenosis, wekaned valves

48
Q

CVD drug therapy

A

reduce BP/ blood lipids (beta blockers/statins)
decrease & regulate heart beat (digoxin)
relieve angina (nitrates)
prevent or dissolve blood clots (anticoagulants)

49
Q

angioplasty

A

balloon on tip of cardiac catheter
inflated to compress fatty deposits
opens artery - increase blood flow

50
Q

PCI

A

percutaneous coronary intervention - angioplasty with a stent

51
Q

pacemaker

A

surgical implantation of device - regulates heart rate and rythym

52
Q

thrombolysis

A

eperfusion therapy
immediate treatment for blocked artery
injection of medication (tPA) to dissolve blood clot

53
Q

Coronary bypass

A

section of blocked artery replaced with healthy blood vessel from the patient’s leg, arm or chest - increase blood flow to heart muscle

54
Q

Valve replacement

A

damaged or poorly functioning valves replaced
repair or minimally invasive procedures

55
Q

Heart transplant

A

heart replaced with a heart donor
extended recovery, immunosuppressive therapy

HE100 (10 decks)

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