Cardiovascular disease Flashcards
What is CVD?
a collection of diseases of heart and blood vessels
- heart disease and stroke
What place in the leading cause of death is CVD in Canada?
2nd leading cause of death in Canada
Why are the mortality rates declining?
- understanding, and management of risk factors
- advances in diagnostic procedures
- better emergency medical assistance programs
What is the cardiovascular system made of
heart and blood vessels
roles of the cardiovascular system
- transport O2, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes to tissues, remove waste products
- regulates body temperature, fluid balance, pH
- protects body from infection
What is in the cardiorespiratory system?
heart, lungs, blood vessels
how much does a heart weigh?
200-425g
how many heartbeats?
2.5biliion beats
what is the pericardium
sac surrounding the heart?
how many chambers of the heart?
4
what are the chambers of the heart separated by
valved- regulate flow of blood
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Pacemaker- electrical signal for contraction of right atrium
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
- branch into smaller blood vessels (arterioles)
Veins
carry blood back to the heart
- branch into smaller vessels (venules)
Capillaries
very small blood vessels
- connect the arterial and venous sub-circulation
- passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste between blood and parts of your body
Coronary blood supply
right and left coronary arteries
- supply blood to the heart muscle -myocardium
Cardiac veins
removal of deoxygenated blood
Atherosclerosis
- narrowing/hardening of the arteries, fatty substances (plaque) in the lining of artery
- arteries lose elasticity and narrow
- impedes blood flow-partial or full blockage
how does atherosclerosis begin
with damage to lining of the blood vessels
atherosclerosis: minor blockage?
blood nay re-route through small unused blood vessels - collateral circulation
what could atherosclerosis lead to?
- coronary heart disease
- carotid artery disease (reduce blood flow to brain)
- peripheral artery disease (pelvis, arms, legs)
restricted blood flow of CHD/CAD
75%
Myocardial (MI)
heart attack
thrombosis
blood clot in coronary artery
heart attack warning signs
Chest discomfort – pain/pressure
Radiating - neck, shoulders, arms, chin
Shortness of breath
sweating, nausea
lightheadedness
stroke
cerebrovascular - sudden loss of brain function
what are strokes caused by
thrombus(blood clot) or embolus
- disrupts blood flow to brain
aneurysm
weakend blood vessel
hemorrhagic stroke
rupture of blood vessel in the brain
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
mini-stroke - temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain
Atrial fibrillation
- condition involving irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
- tachycardia vs bradycardia
Cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle- decrease ability to pump
Congenital heart disease
defect in the heart or blood vessels near the heart at birth
congestive heart failure
- heart disease heart is damaged or weakened
- decreased pumping action- backup of fluid in lungs, extremities
modifiable CVD risks
High blood pressure
high blood cholesterol
smoking
physical activity
overweight, obesity
stress
diabetes
excessive alcohol intake
non modifiable CVD risks
age , gender, family history
ethnicity, previous CVD event
hypertension
chronic elevated BP
> 140/90 mmHg
> 130-139/85-89 = high normal
Systolic BP (upper valve)
pressure exerted against walls of arteries- heart is contracting
Diastolic
pressure exerted against walls of arteries- heart is relaxed
ECG - electrocardiogram
records electrical signals of heart
Holter monitor
24 hour heart rate, rhythm
Ultrasound
echocardiogram, - high-frequency sound wave
- creates image of heart and sound waves
PET
position emission tomography
CT
computed tomography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
Serum analysis
Lipid profiles, C-reactive protein
Homocysteine
cardiac enzyme
angiogram
cardio catheterization
- catheter threaded from groin to heart
- detects blockages, stenosis, wekaned valves
CVD drug therapy
reduce BP/ blood lipids (beta blockers/statins)
decrease & regulate heart beat (digoxin)
relieve angina (nitrates)
prevent or dissolve blood clots (anticoagulants)
angioplasty
balloon on tip of cardiac catheter
inflated to compress fatty deposits
opens artery - increase blood flow
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention - angioplasty with a stent
pacemaker
surgical implantation of device - regulates heart rate and rythym
thrombolysis
eperfusion therapy
immediate treatment for blocked artery
injection of medication (tPA) to dissolve blood clot
Coronary bypass
section of blocked artery replaced with healthy blood vessel from the patient’s leg, arm or chest - increase blood flow to heart muscle
Valve replacement
damaged or poorly functioning valves replaced
repair or minimally invasive procedures
Heart transplant
heart replaced with a heart donor
extended recovery, immunosuppressive therapy
