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111 > Midterm | Imaging Modalities > Flashcards

Midterm | Imaging Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

Field in Radiologic Technology that utilizes x-ray machine to visualize the anatomical parts of the body, particulary the skeletal system

A

Radiography

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2
Q

4 classification of radiography

A
  1. Film screen radiography/ Conventional radiography
  2. Computed radiography
  3. Digital radiography
  4. Special procedure radiography
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3
Q

Advantages of radiography

A
  • Widely available
  • Relatively quick
  • Cheap
  • Easy to perform
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4
Q

Disadvantages of radiography

A
  • Harmful ionizing radiation that can damage cells
  • Limited soft tissue contrast resolution (it can be hard to differentiate adjacent soft tissues of similar density from one another)
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5
Q

Machine, energy used, main POI and purpose of radiography

A

Machine: X-ray machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Skeletal system
Purpose: Diagnosis

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6
Q

Machine, energy used, main POI and purpose of Special procedure radiography

A

Machine: Fluoroscopy/ X-ray machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Internal organs
Purpose: Diagnosis and treatment

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7
Q

Special equipment/s used in Film screen radiography

A

Cassette
Film
Darkroom
Processing chemicals

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8
Q

Special equipment/s used in Computed radiography

A

Imaging plate
CR reader

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9
Q

Special equipment/s used in Digital radiography

A

Image Receptor

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10
Q

Special equipment/s used in Special procedure radiography

A

Contrast Media

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11
Q

Field in Radiologic Technology that utilizes x-ray machine and contrast media to show the images of the internal organs of the body part not seen in conventional radiography

A

Special Procedure Radiology

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12
Q

Substances that temporarily chanfe the way x-rays or other imaging tools interact with the body

A

Contrast media

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13
Q

Contrast media/materials help physicians diagnose medical conditions by improving the visibility of specific (1), (2), or (3)

A
  1. organs
  2. blood vessels
  3. tissues
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14
Q

In what ways can contrast materials enter the body?

A
  • Orally
  • Rectally
  • injected to a blood vessel
  • injected into spaces within the body
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15
Q

What ways can contrast materials be injected into the blood vessels?

A
  • Intravenously (through the veins)
  • Intraarterially (through the artery)
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16
Q

A fluoroscopy machine is like a video camera where x-rays are produced in a (1) or (2) fashion and generate (3) of the body

A
  1. pulsed
  2. continuous
  3. real-time images
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17
Q

Images are of much lower quality than conventional radiographs to limit the patient’s overall radiation exposure

A

Fluoroscopy machine

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18
Q

Images of fluoroscopy machines are of much lower quality to>

A

To limit the patient’s overall radiation exposure

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19
Q

Advantage of special procedure radiography

A

Allows you to see what is happening in real-time

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20
Q

Disadvantage of special procedure radiography

A
  • Radiation dose is cumulative throughout the examinations
  • Image quality is relatively poor
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21
Q

Field in RT that utilizes x-ray imaging method used to examine the breast for the early detection of cancer and other breast diseases

A

Mammography

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22
Q

Advantages of mammography

A
  • Early detection of breast cancer
  • Improves diagnotic accuracy of patients younger than 50 and in those dense breast
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23
Q

Disadvantages of mammography

A

Interpreations can be difficult because a normal breast can appear differently for each women

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24
Q

Field in RT that involves special radiographic examination of blood vessels using x-ray machine incorporated with computers to enable deleting of bony structures that superimpose with the blood vessels of interest instantaneously

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography

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25
Q

Digital Subtraction Angiography is a field in RT that involves (1) of (2) using (3) to enable deleting of (4) that superimpose with the blood vessels of interest instantaneously

A
  1. special radiographic examination
  2. blood vessels
  3. x-ray machine incorporated with computers
  4. bony structures
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26
Q

Type of specialization in RT wherein interventional radiologists make use of imaging techniques or modalities of percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedure

A

Interventional radiography

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27
Q

Term tha tmeans “through the skin”

A

Percutaneous

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28
Q

Interventional radiography is a type of specialization in RT wherein (1) make use of imaging techniques or modalities of (2) and (3)

A
  1. interventional radiologists
  2. percutaneous diagnostic
  3. therapeutic procedure
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29
Q

Field in RT that utilizes a donut-shaped machine that emits x-rays to diagnose abnormalities in the human body by producing a cross-sectional image of the body

A

Computed Tomography

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30
Q

Computed Tomography is a field in RT that utilizes a donut-shaped machine that emits (1) to (2) in the human body by producing a (3) of the body

A
  1. x-rays
  2. diagnose abnormalities
  3. cross-sectional image
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31
Q

Advantages of computed tomography

A
  • Widely available
  • Quick
  • Gives a lot of useful information
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32
Q

Disadvantages of computed radiography

A
  • Expensive
  • Higher levels of harmful ionizing radiation exposure
33
Q

Field in RT that utilizes very high frequency sound (not audible to ear) to produce images of the internal organs of the body

A

Ultrasound

34
Q

Advantages of ultrasound

A
  • Widely-available
  • Relatively inexpensive
  • Safe in pregnancy
  • Does NOT use farmful radiation
35
Q

Disadvantage sof ultrasound

A
  • Operator-dependent
  • Limited by body habitus/ increased subcutaneosu fat, and bowel gas
  • Susceptible to artifacts
  • Unable to see through bone or gas
36
Q

Ultrasound is limited by (1)/(2) and (3), suspectible to (4), and unable to see through (5) or (6)

A
  1. body habitus
  2. increased subcutaneous
  3. bowel gas
  4. artifacts
  5. bone
  6. gas
37
Q

Field in RT that utilizes a very high magnetic pwer and radiofrequency to produce images of the body— primarily the nervous system and soft tissue

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

38
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a field in RT that utilizes a very high (1) and (2) to produce images of the body— primarily the (3) and (4)

A
  1. magnetic power
  2. radiofrequency
  3. nervous system
  4. soft tissue
39
Q

Advantages of MRI

A
  • Superior soft tissue contrast resolution
  • Lacks ionizing radiation
40
Q

Best imaging option for the spinal cord and the reason

A

MRI; becuase of its superior soft tissue contrast resolution

41
Q

MRI is the preferred choice over other imaging modalities for evaluating what?

A
  • masses and infection in the brain
  • masses in the abdomen & pelvis
42
Q

Disadvantages of MRI

A
  • Very sensitive to various artifacts
  • Inexpensive
  • Difficult for patients with claustrophobia
  • Contraindicated in some patients
  • Somwehat operator-dependent
43
Q

To whom is MRI contraindicated?

A

Patients with
- implantable devices
- magnetic foreign body

44
Q

Field in RT that utilizes radioactive substances taken in by patients to visualize the function of internal organs

A

Nuclear medicine

45
Q

Advantages of nuclear medicine

A
  • Excellent in assessing physiologic process
  • Instrumental in cancer staging & restaging
  • PET agents improves cancer management
46
Q

Disadvantages of nuclear medicine

A
  • Expensive
  • PET agents are somewhat limited supply with growing demand
  • Some agents result in fairly high patient exposure/dose
  • Not all agents are widely available; some needs to ordered day/s ahead
47
Q

2 classifications of nuclear medicine

A
  • Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
48
Q

Nuclear imaging technique using gamma rays. Performed by using a gamma camera to acquire multiple 2D images from multiple angles

49
Q

SPECT uses a gamma camera to acquire multiple (1) or (2) from multiple angles

A
  1. 2-D images
  2. projections
50
Q

Differentiate SPECT and PET in terms of the tools used in order to acquire images

A

SPECT: Gamma camera
PET: BGO or LSO detectors

51
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is also called — or —

A
  • PET imaging
  • PET scan
52
Q

A diagnostic examinaion that involves the acquisition of physiologic images based on the detection of radiation from the emission of positrons

53
Q

PET is a diagnostic examinaion that involves the acquisition of (1) images based on the (2) from the (3)

A
  1. physiologic
  2. detection of radiation
  3. emission of positrons
54
Q

SPECT: nuclear imagin technique ; PET: —

A

diagnostic examination

55
Q

Field in RT that utilizes high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells

A

Radiation therapy

56
Q

Advantage of radiation therapy

A

Death of large proportion of cancer cells within the entire tumor

57
Q

Disadvantage of radiation therapy

A

Damage to surrounding tissues (eg. lung and heart), depending on how close the area of interest is located to the tumor

58
Q

3 types of radiation therapy

A
  1. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)
  2. Brachytherapy
  3. Systemic
59
Q

Field in RT that utilizes a very small dose of ionizng radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body (usually the lumbar and hips to measure bone loss)

A

Bone densitometry

60
Q

What part of the body does bone densitometry usually produces a picture of + purpose?

A

Lower spine/ lumbar and hips to measure bone loss

61
Q

Refers to bone loss

A

Osteoporosis

62
Q

Special procedure radiography
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: Fluroscopy/ x-ray machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Internal organs
Purpose: Diagnosis & treatment
Special equipment: Contrast media

63
Q

Mammography
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: Mammography unit
Energy used: X-rays (low energy)
Main POI: Breast
Purpose: Diagnosis & Screening
Special equipment: Compression paddle

64
Q

Digital Subtraction Angiography
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: Fluoroscope/ x-ray machine
Energy used: X-ray
Main POI: Blood vessels & heart
Purpose: Diagnosis
Special equipment: Contrast media

65
Q

Interventional Radiography
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: Fluoroscopy machine
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Blood vessels & heart
Purpose: Primarily for treatment
Special equipment:
- Needles
- Guidewires
- Catheters
- Stents
- Embolic agents

66
Q

CT
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: CT scan
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: internal organs
Purpose: Diagnosis
Special equipment: Donut-shaped machine/ Gantry

67
Q

Ultrasound
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: UTS machine
Energy used: Very high frequency sound wave
Main POI: Soft tissues not covered by bones
Purpose: Diagnosis
Special equipment: Transducer, gel

68
Q

MRI
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: MRI machine
Energy used: radiofrequency
Main POI: nervous & muscular systems
Purpose: Diagnosis
Special equipment: Magnets

69
Q

Nuclear Medicine
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: PET/SPECT machine
Energy used: Positron/Gamma
Main POI: All (for physiological evaluation)
Purpose: Diagnosis, monitoring, treatment
Special equipment: Radiopharmaceuticals, hot lab

70
Q

Radiation therapy
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: Linear Accelerator (LINAC)
Energy used:
- X-rays
- Gamma
- Electron beams
- Protons
Main POI: Cancer cells/ organs
Purpose: Treatment
Special equipment: Cerrobend or lead block shieldings

71
Q

Bone densitometry
Machine:
Energy used:
Main POI:
Purpose:
Special equipment:

A

Machine: Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
Energy used: X-rays
Main POI: Bone (osteoposoris)
Purpose: Diagnosis
Special equipment: Bone densitometer

72
Q

Differentiate MRI and CT san in terms of the donut-shaped machines they use

A

MRI: Bore
CT Scan: Gantry

73
Q

Imaging modalities

A
  1. Radiography (Film-Screen, Computed, Digital)
  2. Special Procedure Radiography
  3. Mammography
  4. Digital Subtraction Angiography
  5. Interventional Radiography
  6. Computed Tomography
  7. Ultrasound
  8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  9. Nuclear Medicine
  10. Radiation Therapy
  11. Bone Densitometry
74
Q

Best imaging modality for a broken bone

75
Q

Best imaging modality for pregnancy

A

Ultrasound

76
Q

Best imaging modality for a stroke

77
Q

Best imaging modality for spinal cord compression

78
Q

Best imaging modality for a gunshot wound

79
Q

Best imaging modality for appendicitis

A

Ultrasound

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