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111 > Image Formation > Flashcards

Image Formation Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of image formation

A
  1. Film
  2. Intensifying screen
  3. Cassette
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2
Q

Displays the radiograp;hic density

A

Film

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3
Q

The film is —, or capable of respending to exposure by photons

A

Photosensitive

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4
Q

The film is sensitive to the (1) and (2) that comprise most of the electromagnetic spectrum of both (3) and (4)

A
  1. wavelength
  2. energies
  3. light
  4. x-rays
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5
Q

Designed to be anti-static, which precent mark on the film (which can later cause misdiagnosis)

A

Overcoat

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6
Q

Other term for overcoat

A

Supercoat

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7
Q

Hard gelatin

A

Overcoat

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8
Q

Protects emulsion from scratches, pressure, and contamination during handling, processing, and storage

A

Overcoat

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9
Q

Overcoat protects emulsion from (1), (2), and (3) during (4), (5), and (6).

A
  1. scratches
  2. pressure
  3. contamination
  4. handling
  5. processing
  6. storage
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10
Q

Foundation of radiographic film

A

Base

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11
Q

Materials of choice for the base of an x-ray film

A
  1. Glass plate (before WWI)
  2. Cellulose nitrate: flammable
  3. Cellulose triacetate: “safety base”
  4. Polyester
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12
Q

Film base characteristics/ properties

A
  1. Flexible and tough
  2. Stable (Dimensional stability)
  3. Rigid
  4. Uniformly lucent
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13
Q

During manufacturing, a dye is added to the (1) of most radiographic film to slightly tint the film blue. This coloring reduces (2) and (3), enhancing the radiologis’s diagnostic (4) and accuracy.

A
  1. base
  2. eyestrain
  3. fatigue
  4. efficiency
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14
Q

Heart of the radiographic film

A

Emulsion

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15
Q

Material with which x-rays or light photons interact

A

Emulsion

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16
Q

The emulsion consists of a homogenous micture of (1) and (2)

A
  1. gelatin
  2. silver halide crystals
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17
Q

thickness of the emulsion

A

3-5 μm (micrometer) thick

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18
Q

It provides mechanical support for the silver halide crystals by holding them uniformly dispersed in place

A

Gelatin

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19
Q

Component of the emulsion that is clear and flexible

A

Gelatin

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20
Q

Porous for processing chemicals to penetrate

A

Gelatin

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21
Q

Active ingridient of the emulsion

A

Silver Halide Crystals

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22
Q

Silver Halide Crystals consists of of how many percentage of silver bromide and silver iodide?

A

Silver bromide: 98%
Silver iodide: 2%

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23
Q

Interaction of x-ray and light photons with these high-Z atoms ultimately results in the formation of a latent image on the radiograph

A

Silver halide crystals

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24
Q

Invisible image formed after exposure to radiation

A

Latent image

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25
Q

Visible image after processing

A

Manifest image

26
Q

A silver halide crystal of the emulsion may be what shapes?

A

Tabular (most common)
Cubic
Octahedral
Polyhedral
Irregular

27
Q

Types of film

A
  1. Screen film/ intensifying screen film
  2. Direct exposure/ Nonscreen Film
  3. Single emulsion film
  4. Double emulsion film
28
Q

Film that uses intensifying screen

A

Screen film/ intensifying screen film

29
Q

Screen film/ intensifying screen film uses — to create image

30
Q

Film that uses direct exposure to x-rays

A

Direct exposure/ Nonscreen film

31
Q

Device that converts the energy of the x-ray beam into visible light

A

Intensifying screen

32
Q

Once intensifying scteen converts energy of x-ray beam into visible light, visible light then interacts with the radiographic film, forming the —

A

Latent image

33
Q

Layers of the film

A

Supercoat/ Overcoat
Emulsion
Adhesive
Base

34
Q

Layers of the intensifying screen

A

Base
Reflective layer
Phosporus layer
Protective coating

35
Q

Layer of the intensifying screen closest to the radiographic film

A

Protective coating

36
Q

Thickness of the protective coating

A

10-20 μm thick

37
Q

Layer of the intensifying screen that makes screen resistant to abrasion and damage caused by handling

A

Protective coating

38
Q

Layer of the intensifying screen that helps eliminate the build up of static electricity

A

Protective coating

39
Q

Layer of the intensifying screen that is transparent to light

A

Protective coating

40
Q

Active layer of the radiographic intensifying screen

A

Phosphor layer

41
Q

Thickness of the phosphor layer

A

50-300 μm thick

42
Q

What converts the x-ray beam into light?

43
Q

Favorable properties of intensifying screen phosphor:

  1. High (1)
  2. High (3)
  3. Appropriate (3)
  4. Minimal (4)
  5. Not affected by (5), (6), or other environmental conditions
A
  1. Atomic number
  2. Conversion efficiency
    3, Sprectral matching
  3. Phosphorescence
  4. Heat
  5. Humidity
44
Q

Other term for phosphoresence

A

Screen glow/ Afterglow

45
Q

A phosphor discovered by Thomas Edison whic h is widely used in the medical field

A

Calcium Tungstate

46
Q

Oxysulfides of Rare Earth (used as phosphor layer)

A
  1. Gadolinium
  2. Lanthanium
  3. Ythrium
47
Q

It is in between the phosphor and the base

A

Reflective layer

48
Q

The reflective layer is approximately how thick?

A

Approximately 25 μm thick

49
Q

Differentiate the intensifying screen’s reflective layer and base in terms of location, thickness, and composition.

A

Reflective layer
- between phosphor and base
- approximately 25 μm thick
- made up of magnesium oxide or titanium doixide

Bse
- farthes t from the radiographic film
- approximately 1mm thick
- made up of polyester

50
Q

Intercepts light headed in other directions and redirects it to the film (reflects light towards film)

A

Reflective layer

51
Q

Mechanical support for the active phosphor layer

52
Q

Rigid holder that contains the film and radiographic intensifying screen

53
Q

Various sizes and types of this are available

54
Q

Parts of the cassette discussed

A
  1. Front of cassette
  2. Compression device
  3. Back cover of cassette
55
Q

The front of cassette is (1), thin yet sturdy and (2)

A
  1. Uniformly radiolucent
  2. lightweight
56
Q

Designed for minimum attunuation of the x-ray beam

A

Fron of cassette

57
Q

What is the compression device made up of?

A

Radiolucent platic foam

58
Q

Maintains close screen-film contact when the cassette is closed and latched

A

Compression deive

59
Q

Other terms for compression device

A

Foam pressure pad
Contact felt

60
Q

This part of the cassette must be rigid and lightweight

A

Back cover of cassette

61
Q

The back cover of the cassette is made up of (1) and may also include a sheet of (2) to reduce residual beam and (3)

A
  1. heavy metal
  2. lead
  3. backscatter

111 (17 decks)

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