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PSYCO 105 > MIDTERM II CHAPTER 14 > Flashcards

MIDTERM II CHAPTER 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations

A

Personality

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2
Q

Generated by instinctual drive which powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release

A

Psychic energy

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3
Q

mental events that we are presently aware of

A

 Conscious

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4
Q

contains memories, thoughts, feelings, events that we are unaware but can be called into conscious awareness

A

Preconscious

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5
Q

dynamic real of wishes, feelings and impulses that lies beyond the awareness

A

Unconscious mind

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6
Q

Exist within the unconscious mind and the innermost core of the personality. Present at birth and source of all psychic energy

A

Id

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7
Q

Principle which the Id acts accordingly which seeks immediate gratification or release

A

Pleasure principle

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8
Q

Par of the conception of personality which functions primarily at a conscious level

A

Ego

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9
Q

Ego operates according to what principle

A

Reality principle

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10
Q

Said to be the moral arm of the personality which developed by the age of four or five and was the repository of the values and ideals of society

A

Superego

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11
Q

When realistic strategies are ineffective in reducing anxiety, the ego is said to resort to this mechanism which deny or distort reality

A

Defensive mechanism

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12
Q

The primary means by which the ego “keeps the lid on the id”. An active defensive process through which anxiety-arousing impulses or memories are pushed into the unconscious mind

A

Repression

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13
Q

A person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment

A

Denial

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14
Q

An unacceptable or dangerous impulse is repressed and then directed at a safer substitute target

A

Displacement

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15
Q

Emotional connection with an upsetting event is repressed, and situation is dealt with an intellectually interesting event

A

Intellectualization

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16
Q

An unacceptable impulse is repressed, and then attributed to (projected onto) other people

A

Projection

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17
Q

A person constructs a false but plausible explanation or excuse for an anxiety-arousing behaviour or event that has already occured

A

Rationalization

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18
Q

An anxiety-arousing impulse is repressed, and psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour

A

Reaction formation

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19
Q

A repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable or even admired behaviour

A

Sublimation

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20
Q

A state of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular psychic theme. Resulted from potential deprivations or overindulges during any of Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.

A

Fixation

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21
Q

Major shortcoming of Freud’s psychoanalytical theory

A

Many of it’s concepts are ambiguous and hard to operationally define or measure

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22
Q

Psychoanalysts that disagree with some aspects of Freud’s thinking and believed that he did not give social and cultural factors a sufficiently important role in the development of the dynamics of personality and focus too much on childhood events

A

Neoanalysts

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23
Q

Carl Jung’s belief that humans possess not only a personal unconscious based on their life experiences but also a collective unconscious that consist of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race

A

Analytical psychology

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24
Q

Representation of memories which are inherited tendencies to interpret experience in a certain way

A

Archetypes

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25
Q

Focus on the images and mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience with caregivers

A

Object relations theorists

26
Q

The total realization of one’s human potential

A

Self-actualization

27
Q

Cognitive categories into which people sort the people and events in their lives . Said to be the primary basis for individual differences in personality.

A

Personal constructs

28
Q

According to this humanistic theorist, people’s primary goal is to make sense out of the world, and find personal meaning to it.

A

George Kelly

29
Q

Believed that behaviour is not a reaction to unconscious conflicts but a response to our immediate conscious experience of self and environment

A

Carl Rogers

30
Q

Central concept of Roger’s theory which is an organized, consistent set of perceptions of the beliefs about oneself

A

Self

31
Q

An absence of conflict among self perceptions

A

Self-consistency

32
Q

Consistency between self-perception and experience

A

Congruence

33
Q

Dictates what we approve or disapprove of ourselves

A

Conditions of worth

34
Q

Rogers view people who have successfully reached self-actualization as ______ as they do not need to hide behind masks or adopt artificial roles

A

Fully functioning person

35
Q

Refers how positively or negatively do we see or feel about ourselves

A

Self-esteem

36
Q

People are motivated to preserve their self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence

A

Need for self-verification

37
Q

A strong and pervasive tendency to gain and preserve a postive self-image

A

Self-enhancement

38
Q

Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviours that are appropriate and expected for males and females

A

Gender schema

39
Q

Critics on the humanistic theories include

A

1) too much reliance on individual reports of personal experience
2) circular reasoning: difficult to define an individual’s self-actualizing tendency except in terms of the behaviour that it supposedly produce

40
Q

Identifying cluster of specific behaviours that are correlated with one another so highly that they can be viewed as reflecting a basic dimension/trait on which people vary

A

Factor analysis

41
Q

Pioneering trait theorist who developed a widely used personality test called 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire to measure individual differences on each of the dimensions and provide a comprehensive personality description

A

Cattell

42
Q

Eysenck argues that personality within the normal range can be understood with only these two basic dimensions which are independent and uncorrelated

A

Introversion-Extraversion

Stability-Instability

43
Q

The Big Five Factors:

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
44
Q

People’s tendency to tailor their behaviour according to the situation

A

Self-monitoring

45
Q

Critics on trait theories

A

1) making specific predictions on the basis of single measured personality trait without taking into account other personality factors that may influence behaviour
2) description vs explanation

46
Q

Combined the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experience

A

Social cognitive theorists

47
Q

States that the person, the person’s behaviour, and environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way causal link

A

Reciprocal determinism

48
Q

Expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

A

Internal-external locus of control

49
Q

Bandura’s idea that human’s are active agents of their own lives and not just at the mercy of the environment

A

Human agency

50
Q

Four aspects of human agency

A

Intentionality
Forethought
Self-reflectiveness
Self-reactiveness

51
Q

Key factor in way people regulate their lives which is their belief concerning their ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcome

A

Self-efficacy

52
Q

Suggests that there is consistency in behaviour but is found in similar situations

A

If…then.. behaviour consistencies

53
Q

Psychologists devise an explicit coding system that contsins the behavioural categories of interest

A

Behavioural assessment

54
Q

Researchers and clinicians can collect samples of behaviour from respondents as they live their daily lives

A

Remote behaviour sampling

55
Q

Termed objective measure because they include standard sets of questions, usually in a true-false or rating scale format, that are scored using an agreed upon scoring key

A

Personality scales

56
Q

Advantages of personality scales

A

1) ability to collect data from many people at the same time
2) people respond to the same items
3) ease of scoring

57
Q

Major disadvantage of personality scales

A

People not answering questions truthfully, therefore making the score invalid

58
Q

Formulation of personality scales where items are based on the theorist’s conception of the personality trait to be measured

A

Rational approach

59
Q

Approach to personality test where in items are chosen not because their content seems relevant to the trait on rational grounds, but because previous research has shown that items were answered differently by groups of people known to differ in their personality characteristic of interest

A

Empirical approach

60
Q

Assumption underlying projective test

A

When a person is presented with an ambiguous stimulus whose meaning is not clear, the interpretation attached to the stimulus will have to come partly from within

PSYCO 105 (6 decks)

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