MIDTERM 1 CHAPTER 9 Flashcards
The four properties that are essential to any language are…
Symbols
Structure
Meaning
Generativity
Set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined to create meaningful units of communication
Grammar
Rules that govern the order of words
Syntax
Refers to the meaning of words and sentences
Semantics
Means that symbols of language can be combined to generate infinite number of messages that have a novel meaning
Generativity
Refers to the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present
Displacement
Structure of language which consist of symbols that are used and their order
Surface structure
Structure which refers to the underlying meaning of the combined symbols
Deep structure
Smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning
Phoneme
The smallest units of meaning in a language
Morphemes
The most comprehensive level in which sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books, conversations etc
Discourse
In this processing, individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception
Bottom-up processing
Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations
Top-down processing
Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends
Speech segmentation
A knowledge of the practical aspects of using language
Pragmatics
An impairment in speech comprehension and/or production that can be permanent or temporary
Aphasia
Innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammar rules common to all language
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
High-pitched intonation that seems to be used all over the world
Child-directed speech
B.F. Skinner explained that children’s language is developed through…
Operant conditioning
Proposed by Jerome Bruner which represent factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language
Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
States that language not only influence but also determines what we are capable of thinking
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
One mode of thought that take form of verbal sentences which expresses proposition
Propositional thought
Another mode of thought which consist images that we can see, hear, feel
Imaginal thought
Relates to mental representation of motor movements
Motoric thoughts
Basic unit of semantic memory
Concepts
The most typical and familiar members of a category
Prototype
Type of reasoning from the top down, from a general principle to a conclusion about a specific case
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from bottom up, starting with specific facts and trying to develop a general principle
Inductive reasoning
The tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs
Belief bias
Refers to the idea that the same information, problems or options can be structured and presented in different ways
Framing
The tendency to stick to the solutions that worked in the past
Mental set
Are like metal blue prints or step by step scripts for selecting information and solving specialized classes of problems
Problem-solving schemas
General problem-solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations
Heuristics
We identify differences between the present situation and the desired state, or goal, and then make changes that will reduce these differences
Means-ends analysis
Formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps toward a solution
Subgoal analysis
Used to infer how clearly something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class
Representativeness heuristics
Causes us to base judgments and decisions on the availability of information in memory
Availability heuristics
Tendency to look for evidence that will confirm what they currently believe in rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm their beliefs
Confirmation bias
A mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world
Schema
A mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order
Script
The generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm
Divergent thinking
The tendency to be so fixed on their perception of the proper function of an object or a procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it
Functional fixedness
Represent a system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life
Wisdom
Representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory input
Mental image
Refers to the awareness and understanding of your own cognition abilities
Metacognition
