MIDTERM II CHAPTER 13 Flashcards
An increased tendency to perform one’s dominant response in the mere presence of others
Social facilitation
Shared expectations about how people should think or feel or behave. The cement that binds social systems together
Social norms
Set of norms that characterizes how people in a give social position ought to behave
Social role
We follow the behaviour of other people because we believe they have the accurate knowledge and what they are doing is “right”
Informational social influence
Conforming to obtain rewards that come from being accepted by other people, while at the same time avoiding rejections
Normative Social influence
Involves the expectation that when others treat us well, there is pressure to respond in kind
Norm of reciprocity
A persuasion technique in which a persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it then offer a smaller request
Door-in-the-face technique
A persuader gets you to comply with a small request and later presents a larger request
Foot-in-the-door technique
A persuader gets you to commit to some action and then before you actually perform this action, the “cost” of the behaviour increases
Lowballing
Loss of individuality that leads to disinhibited behaviour
Deindividuation
The tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in group than working alone
Social loafing
Happens when a group of like-minded individuals discusses an issue, whether face-to-face or through email, the “average” opinion of group members tend to be more extreme
Group polarization
The tendency for group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement
Groupthink
Craig Hell (1987) suggests that we affiliate based on four basic reasons:
1) obtain positive stimulation
2) receive emotional support
3) gain attention
4) permit social comparison
Involves comparing our beliefs feelings, and behaviours with those of other people
Social comparison
Repeated exposure to stimuli typically increases our liking for it
Mere exposure effect
Dating a partner or spouse whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own
Matching effect
Proposes that the course of a relationship is governed rewards and costs that the partner experience
Social exchange theory
Involves intense emotion, arousal, and yearning for a partner
Passionate love
Involves affection, deep caring about the partner’s well-being, and a commitment to “being there”
Companionate love
Three components of the triangular theory of love
Intimacy (closeness)
Commitment (decision to remain in a relationship)
Passion (feelings of romance, physical attraction, and sexual desire)
According to this model, the passionate component of love has interacting cognitive and physiological components. Emotional arousal actually caused by some other factor may sometimes be interpreted as love.
Cognitive-arousal model of love
Arousal due to one source is perceived (“misattributed”) as being due to another source
Transfer of excitation
Part of the brain that is triggered when you think of the person you love
Ventral tegmental area
Negative attitude toward people based on their membership of a group
Prejudice
Overt behaviour which involves unfair treatment
Discrimination
States that competition for limited resources foster prejudice
Realistic conflict theory
States that prejudice stems from need to enhance our self esteem
Social identity theory
Concept that proposes that sterotypes create a fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group member that they will live up to others stereotypes
Stereotype threat
Best known approach to prejudice reduction are based on a principle called:
Equal status contact
Equal status contact states that prejudice between people is most likely reduced when they:
1) engage in sustained close contact
2) have equal status
3) work to achieve a common goal that requires cooperation
4) supported by broader social norms
Two social norms that are especially relevant to helping behaviour
Norm of reciprocity
Norm of responsibility
States that altruism does not exist and is produced by empathy or the ability to put oneself in the place of another and to share what the other is feeling
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
Proposes that high empathy causes us to feel distress when we learn of others’ suffering, so by helping others we reduce our own personal distress (not altruistic
Negative state relief model
The presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person’s tendency to help, largely because of social comparison or diffusion of responsibilty
Bystander effect
Three prominent factors which determines the tendency of a person to receive help
Similarity
Gender
Perceived resposibility
The belief that the world is a just place
Just world hypothesis
Represent any form of behaviour that is intended to harm another person
Aggression
States that frustration inevitably leads to aggression and all aggression is the result of frustration
Frustration- aggression hypothesis
Principle which states that performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduce our impulse to aggress
Principle of catharsis
Beliefs about whether others are likely to approve of a course of action
Subjective norms
Occurs usually without conscious awareness, when people’s erroneous expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviour
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus
Attitude
Predicts that to reduce dissonance and restore a state of cognitive consistency, people will change one of their cognitions or add new cognitions
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Says that we form attitudes from our behaviour (modification of actions lead to people believing their behaviour
Self-perception theory
One route to persuasion which occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling
Central route
Route to persuasion where people primarily attends to superficial aspects of the message
Peropheral route
Peripheral route cutes includes:
Attractiveness
Similarity
Expertise
