FINALS CHAPTER 16 Flashcards
Behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate/maladaptive
Abnormal behaviour
A disorder characterized in its advanced stages by mental deterioration caused by the sexually transmitted disease syphilis
General paresis
States that each of us has some degree of vulnerability for developing psychological disorder, given sufficient stress
Vulnerability-stress model
Clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions
Reliability
Diagnostic categories should accurately capture the essential features of the various disorders
Validity
Categorical system in which people were placed within a specific diagnostic categories
DSM-IV
Dimensional system in which relevant behaviours are rated along a severity measure
DSM-V
Refers to the defendant’s state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing (not the time the crime was committed)
Competency
Relates to the presumed state of mind of the defendant at the time the crime was committed
Insanity
Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situation that trigger them and the anxiety interferes with daily life
Anxiety disorders
Components of anxiety responses
Subjective-emotional
Cognitive
Physiological
Behavioural
Anxiety response component including feelings of tension and apprehension
Subjective-emotional
Anxiety response component including subjective feelings of apprehension, asense of impending danger, and a feeling of inability to cope
Cognitive
Response in anxiety which including increased heart rate and blood pressure, muscle tension, rapid breathing, nausea, dry mouth, diarrhea and frequent urination
Physiological response
Responses such as avoidance of certain situations and impaired task performance
Behavioural responses
Strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations
Phobias
A chronic state of diffuse or “free-floating” anxiety that is not attached to specific situations or objects
Generalized anxiety and worry disorder
Occur suddenly and unpredictable, and they are much more intense
Panic disorders
Explain the two components of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Cognitive (obsession) = repetitive, and unwelcome thoughts, images or impulses that invade consciousness
Behavioural (compulsion) = repetitive behaviour responses that can be resisted only with great difficulty
Inhibitory transmitter that reduces neural activity in the amygdala and other brain structures that stimulate physiological arousal
GABA
According to Freud, this occurs when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego’s defences and explode into action
Neurotic anxiety
Social and cultural factors are most prominent in these type of disorder which occur only in certain places
Culture-bound disorders
Intense fear of being fat and severely restrict their food intake to the point of self-starvation
Anorexia nervosa
People who suffer from this disorder are over concerned with becoming fat but instead of self-starvation, they binge eat and then purge the food (usually by induced vomiting or using laxatives)
Bulimia nervosa
Emotion-based disorder which involve depression and mania (excessive excitement)
Mood disorder
Frequency, intensity and duration of depressive symptoms are out of proportion to person’s life situation, leaving them unable to function effectively in their lives
Major depression
Less dramatic effect on personal occupation al functioning but is a more chronic and long-lasting form of misery
Dysthymia
Core feature of depression where in activities thar used to bring them satisfaction and happiness feel dull and flat
Negative mood state
Depression (which is the dominant state), alternates with periods of mania,a state of highly excited mood and behaviour that is quite the opposite of depression
Bipolar disorder
Sex difference in bipolar disorder
Women are about 2x as likely as men to suffer from bipolar disorder
Depressive cognitive triad involves the
Word, oneself, future
Taking no credit for successes and blaming themselves for failures which maintains depressed people’s low self esteem and their belief that they are worthless
Depressive attributional pattern
Holds that depression occurs when people expect that bad events will occur and that there os nothing they can do to prevent or cope with them
Learned helplessness theory
Involve physical complaints or disabilities that suggest a medical pattern but which have no known biological cause and are not produced voluntarily by the person
Somatic symptom disorders (Somatoform disorders)
People experience intense pain that either is out of proportion to whichever medical condition they have or for which no physical basis can be found
Pain disorder
Serious neurological symptoms such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or blindness suddenly occur, but recording and brain imaging indicate that sensory and motor pathways in the brain are intact
Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)
Involve a breakdown of this normal integration, resulting in significant alterations in memory or identity
Dissociative disorders
A person responds to a stressful event with the extensive but selective memory loss
Dissociative amnesia
A person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up his or her customary life, wanders to a new faraway location, and establishes a new identity
Dissociative fugue
Two or more separate personalities co-exist in the same person. A primary or host personality appears more often than the other (called alter) but each personality has its own integrated set of memories and behaviours
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
According to this theory, the development of new personalities occurs in response to severe stress
Trauma-dissociation theory
Psychotic disorder that involves severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion and behaviour
Schizophrenia
False belief that are sustained in the face of evidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them
Delusions
False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality
Hallucinations
Features positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations and disordered speech and thinking
Type I schizophrenia
Features negative symptoms which is an absence of normal reactions such as lack of emotional expressions, loss of motivation and an absence of normal speech
Type II schizophenia
States that symptoms of schizophrenia (particularly positive symptoms) are produced by over activity of the dopamine system in areas of the brain that regulate emotional expression, motivated behaviour and cognitive functioning
Dopamine hypothesis
A person retreats to an earlier and more secure (even infantile) stage of psychosocial development in the face of overwhelming anxiety
Regression
Involves high levels of criticism, hostility and overinvolvement
Expressed emotion
Attributes higher prevalence of schizophrenia to the higher levels of stress that low income people experience, particularly within urban environments
Social causation hypothesis
As people develop schizophrenia, their personal and occupational functioning deteriorates, so that they drift down the socioeconomic ladder into poverty and migrate low-cost urban environments
Social drift hypothesis
People exhibit stable ingrained, inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling and behaving
Personality disorders
Seem to lack conscience; referred to as “moral imbeciles” in the 19th century; exhibit little anxiety or guilt and tend to be impulsive and unable to delay gratification of their needs
Antisocial personality disorder
Collection of symptoms characterized primarily by serious instability in behaviour, emotion, identity, and interpersonal relationships
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
Central feature of borderline which is an inability to control negative emotions in response to stressful life events, many of which borderline individuals themselves cause
Emotional dysregulation
Failure to integrate positive and negative aspects of another’s behaviour into a coherent whole
Splitting
Disorder may take form of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, or a combination of the two
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Long-term disorder characterized by extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, highly repetitive and rigid behavioural pattern
Autistic spectrum disorder
Gradual loss of cognitive abilities that accompanies brain deterioration and interferes with normal functioning. Progressive atrophy or degeneration of brain tissue occur as a result of disease or injury
Dementia
Leading cause of dementia in the elderly accounting for 60%; caused by the deterioration in the frontal lobes of the brain, including hippocampus
Alzheimer’s disease
