FINALS CHAPTER 17 Flashcards
The goal of psychoanalysis is to achieve this which is the conscious awareness of the psychodynamics that underlie their problems
Insight
In this technique, Freud asked his clients to recline in a couch and to report verbally without censorship any thoughts, feelings, or images that entered awareness
Free association
Avoidance patterns emerge in the course of therapy; defensive manoeuvres that hinder the process of therapy
Resistance
Occurs when the client responds irrationally to the analyst as if he or she were an important figure from the client’s past
Transference
Is any statement by the therapist intended to provide the client with insight into his or her behaviour or dynamics
Interpretation
Highly structured and seldom takes longer than 15-20 sessions; focuses on the client’s current interpersonal problems; proven to be one of the more effective current therapies for depression and for somatic system disorders
Interpersonal therapy
View humans as capable of consciously controlling their actions and taking responsibility for their choices and behaviour
Humanistic theorists
Developed by Carl Roger which goal is to develop a genuine and caring relationship with the client
Client-centred therapy
Communicated when therapists shows clients they genuinely care care about and accept them
Unconditional positive regard
Willingness and ability to view the world through the client’s eyes
Empathy
Consistency between the way the therapists feels and the way he or she behaves
Genuineness
Refers to the perceptual principles through which people actively organize stimulus elements into meaningful “whole” patterns
Gestalt
In this technique, a client may be asked to imagine his mother sitting in the chair, and then carry on a conversation in which he alternatively role-plays his mother and himself, changing chairs for each role and honestly telling her how he feels about important issues in their relationship
Empty-chair technique
Focus on the role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns; help clients discover and change the cognitions that underlie their problems
Cognitive therapies
ABCD’s of rational emotive therapy
Activating even
Belief system
Consequences
Disputing or challenging maladaptive emotions,behaviours
Aaron Beck’s Cognitive therapy goal is
To point out errors of thinking and logic that underlie emotional disturbance and to help clients identify and reprogram their overlearned “automatic” thought patterns
Used to reduce or decondition anxiety responses; have used in attempts to condition new anxiety responses to a particular class of stimuli
Classical conditioning procedures
Treat phobias through exposure to feared CS (learned negative situation) in the absence of UCS (natural eliciting situation)
Exposure behaviour therapy
Used to keep the operant avoidance response from occurring
Response prevention
Exposing to real life stimuli; reaction to stimuli gets smaller after multiple exposure
Flooding
Thinking/imagining about the conditioned stimuli
Imploding/implosion therapy
Learned-based treatment for anxiety disorders
Systematic desensitization
A new response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety-arousing CS
Counterconditioning
Therapist pairs a stimulus that is attractive to a person and that stimulates deviant or self -defeating behaviour (the CS) with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition an aversion to the CS
Aversion therapy
Treatment techniques that involve the application of operant conditioning procedures in an attempt to increase or decrease a specific behaviour
Behaviour modification
System for strengthening desired behaviour through the application of positive reinforcement
Token economics
Clients learn new skills by observing and then imitating a model who performs a socially skillful behaviour
Social skills training
Being aware, focused and accepting of your immediate experience (based on humanistic and eastern concept)
Mindfulness
Developed by Steven Hayes which focuses on the process of mindfulness as a vehicle for change; therapist teaches clients to “just notice”, accept, and embrace thoughts and feelings
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
Treatment developed specifically fo the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder; includes a “package” of elements from cognitive , behavioural, humanistic and psychodynamic therapies
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)
Treatment that is consistent with cultural beliefs and expectations
Cultural congruence
Able to use knowledge about the client’s culture to achieve a broad understanding of the client
Cultural competence
Involving participants who have well-defined psychological disorders and who are similar on other variables that might affect response to treatment; individuals are randomly assigned to to either an experiment or controlcondition
Randomized-clinical trials (RCTs)
Group that gets an intervention that is not expected to work bu that controls for client expectations of improvement because clients are being seen by a therapist and think they are getting an effective treatment
Placebo control group
Allows researcher to combine the results of many studies to arrive at an overall conclusion
Meta-analysis
Represents a common measure of treatment effectiveness
Effect size statistic
Finding of similar efficacy for widely differing therapies
Dodo bird verdict
Would require that at the end of the therapy, client’s depression scores fall within the range for non-depressed people
Clinical significance
Client variables that affect treatment outcome
Openness
Self-relatedness
Nature of the problem
Relation between the amount of treatment received and the quality of the outcome
Dose-response effect
Study of how drugs affect cognitions, emotions, behaviour
Psychopharmacology
Often used to treat anxiety issues without affecting alertness or concentration by slowing down excitatory synaptic activity
Anti-anxiety drugs
Side effects of anti anxiety drugs
Drowsiness
Lethargy
Dependence
Category of antidepressants which increase the activity of norepinephrine and serotonin; prevent reuptake of excitatory NT
Tricyclics
Increase the activity of norepinephrine and serotonin; reduce the activity of the monoamine oxidase which breaks down NT at the synapse
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
Block the reuptake of serotonin; have milder side effects that other antidepressants’ reduce depressive symptoms more rapidly
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Side effect of SSRIs
Increase negative thoughts
Decrease the action of dopamine; reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions and hallucinations) but has little to no effect on negative symptoms
Antipsychotic drugs
Side effect of antipsychotic drugs which is a severe movement disorder
Tardive dyskinesia
Patient is given sedative and muscle relaxant in this procedure and given a shock less than 1 second causing seizure of CNS; useful in treating severe depression
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Negative side effect of ECT procedure
High relapse rate with memory loss/brain damage
Refers to surgical procedure that remove or destroy brain tissues to change disordered behaviour
Psychosurgery
Procedure which destroy nerve tracts to frontal lobes; less common with the advent of antipsychotic drugs
Lobotomy
Transfer of treatment to the community
Deinstitutionalization
Repeated rehospitalization
Revolving door phenomenon
Directed at reducing or eliminating the environmental situational factors that help to prevent disorders
Situation-focused prevention
Designed to increase personal resources and coping skills
Competency focused prevention
