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Torres RBT EXAM > MIDTERM GUIDE QUIZZES > Flashcards

MIDTERM GUIDE QUIZZES Flashcards

1
Q

What type of graph is more typically used to depict the quantitative data collected in single-subject research:

A

X-Y line graph

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2
Q

What is the name of the phase in a study that measures the target behavior before implementation of an intervention:

A

Baseline phase

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3
Q

In a single-subject design, the ___ variable is used to encourage (or maintain) change in behavior:

A

Independent

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4
Q

What do broken vertical lines depict in a graph

A

A change in independent variable

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5
Q

What does IDEA stand for?

A

Individuals with disabilities education act

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6
Q

How does a follow-up phase strengthen a study:

A

Both A and C (Demonstrates the effectiveness of an intervention over time; provides social and ecological validities for the study)

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7
Q

What are notations used for in a single-subject design

A

Used to label certain phases or aspects of a design

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8
Q

What refers to a believable demonstration that events controlled by the researcher account for the presence or absence of the behavior in question?

A

Analytic

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9
Q

Which phase is intended to measure the effects of the independent variable over time and following the achievement of the criterion for the dependent variable?

A

Follow-up Phase

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10
Q

In a single-subject design, the ______ variable is used to determine the changes in the target behavior.

A

Dependent

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11
Q

____ may be described as a set of loose rules and traditions that have evolved over many years of experimental practice:

A

Scientific method

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12
Q

A researcher has two groups of participants, one that has been taught a problem-solving technique and one that has not. Both groups are given a set of 50 problems to solve in 30 minutes. What is the dependent variable in this study?

A

The number of correct answers given by the participants

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13
Q

How is it that the researcher both controls and is controlled by the subject matter?

A

The researcher must control the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the data from the study serve as a prompt for any needed changes.

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14
Q

The three-term contingency consists of:

A

Antecedent stimuli, responses, and consequence stimuli.

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15
Q

Talking about scientific behavior in the same way that we approach any other behavior of interest is useful because it can help us:

A

Identify the antecedent events and consequences that have influenced researcher’s behaviors.

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16
Q

Practitioners and researchers both share the same interest in

A

Using the best methods of studying behavior

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17
Q

Dr. Polick conducts an experiment in which she varies the number of people working on a project, and measures the amount of effort that each person makes. The number of people is the _____ variable; the amount of effort is the ____ variable:

A

Independent; dependent

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18
Q

A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a ____ than its absence

A

Discriminative stimulus

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19
Q

What is the difference between the primary focus of researchers and practitioners?

A

Researchers try to identify empirical generalizations about the relationship between behavior and the environment. Practitioners focus on changing individual’s behavior to solve problems that they are experiencing.

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20
Q

The essence of science lies in the behavior of ______

A

Individual researchers

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21
Q

The most common inner causes are what skinner calls:

A

conceptual inner causes

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22
Q

____ refers to the full set of physical circumstances in which the organism exists:

A

Environment

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23
Q

Which of the following would be considered a behavior?

A

Reading a book

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24
Q

The _____ of a definition is often a better criterion for evaluating it than its ______

A

Usefulness; correctness.

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25
Q

Social scientific approaches to studying and explaining behavior tend to be based on:

A

Hypothesized inner processes.

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26
Q

In many applied settings one of the environmental impacts of a behavior is the effect it produces on the behavior of a trained observer. In order to use this as an acceptable form of measurement, what two conditions must be met?

A

Changes in the measuring instrument must not be the only evidence of the behavior occurring, and the behavior must be described in terms of organism-environment interactions.

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27
Q

According to Johnston and Pennypacker’s definition of behavior, why is “waiting for someone” not a behavior?

A

It does not involve an interactive condition between the organism and the environment.

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28
Q

The preference for a simple and well-established explanation before turning to a more complex and less understood explanation describes the scientific attitude of:

A

parsimony

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29
Q

What was revolutionary about how Skinner approached the study of behavior?

A

Skinner called for the study of behavior for its own sake, rather than for what it might imply about inner processes.

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30
Q

What does it mean to say that behavior is part of the interface between the organism and the environment?

A

that behavior is not something an organism possesses, but rather an interaction between the organism and the environment.

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31
Q

Which statement is true, according to Baer, Wolf and Risley (1968)?

A

Non-applied research is likely to look at any behavior, and at any variable which may conceivably relate to it.

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32
Q

Which statement below best meets the standard of conceptually systematic?

A

When the child writes his name correctly, deliver the reinforcer.

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33
Q

Which is NOT a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968)

A

inductive

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34
Q

Which is NOT an example of generality?

A

Ray received on the job training and was able to perform the skills he was taught in the job setting.

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35
Q

Which meets the standard of being behavioral?

A

Observing an individual and recording behavior defined as anxiety.

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36
Q

Which is an example consistent with Baer, Wolf and Risley’s description of being effective?

A

Janice is learning self-care skills. After six month of training, she is able to shower, dress, brush her teeth and brush her hair independently.

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37
Q

Which is an example of being analytic?

A

Showing that a behavior increases with treatment and returns to baseline levels when treatment is removed.

38
Q

Which would be an appropriate topic of study for applied research?

A

a comparison of two techniques for improving work productivity.

39
Q

Which is a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf & Risley (1968)?

A

technological

40
Q

Which statement is true, with respect to being technological?

A

A and B

41
Q

Extra-experimental contingencies such as ____,_____ and ______ can lead to questions that serve personal interests more than the needs of the field:,

A

Grants, consulting contracts, reputation

42
Q

How does the experimental question guide the selection of participants?

A

The question should guide in selecting participants with -specific characteristics that will reveal how their behavior is affected by the independent variable.

43
Q

How does the experimental question help the researcher design measurement procedures?

A

It helps the researcher decide how long and how often observational sessions should occur.

44
Q

In order to create meaningful comparisons between responding under control versus treatment conditions, at least two key requirements must be met. First, each participant must be exposed to both control and treatment conditions. What is the second requirement?

A

The data for each participant must be measured and analyzed separately.

45
Q

One of the most common constraints on the sensitivity of a behavior comes from _____.

A

Extraneous variables.

46
Q

Perhaps the most important role for any behavior that will serve as the dependent variable is

A

To be sensitive to the independent variable.

47
Q

The _______ is the centerpiece of experimental procedures, and the experimental question’s most important role in guiding its selection.

A

Independent variable

48
Q

What is a risk of using only the research literature as a basis for experimental questions?

A

questions that emerge from published studies tend to peruse the general directions already established in the literature.

49
Q

When an experiment’s question, procedures, and write up suggests that the investigator’s primary goal was to generate support for a predetermined conclusion, it can be called _______ research.

A

-Advocacy

50
Q

Which of the following is one of the three objectives data analysis should meet?

A

modifying the initial decisions about how the experiment will be conducted as the study proceeds

51
Q

The first step in developing a functional definition is

A

to consider the everyday context of the behavior of interest

52
Q

Your high school baseball coach is working with you on becoming a better hitter. He decides to keep track of how many “good swings” you make during a game. He defines a “good swing” as a swing that results in you getting on base. In this example, the coach is using what kind of definition?

A

functional

53
Q

Jesslyn is a 5-year-old little girl who is just learning how to read. She is working with her teacher on letter-sound correspondences, blending sounds, sounding out words, and saying them at a normal pace. In this example, what is the response class?

A

Jesslyn’s reading behavior

54
Q

What is the first step in defining a response class?

A

considering the characteristics of the behavior

55
Q

Billy and his older brother, Alex, get into an argument over who is going to get to play the video game next. Alex becomes angry at Billy and starts yelling and punching him, leaving bruises on Billy’s arm. In this example, what is the response product?

A

the bruises on Billy’s arm

56
Q

Which of the following must be considered when selecting a response class that meets the general needs of the experiment?

A

How sensitive the response class is to extraneous factors?

57
Q

All of the following are ways of adding a temporal requirement to a response class definition, except which?

A

Add a requirement for the number of times that a behavior must occur within a specified time period.

58
Q

What are the three general types of response classes?

A

Respondent, operant, and discriminated operant

59
Q

The part of the phenomenon serving as a basis for experimental study is called

A

the unit of analysis

60
Q

A track coach records how long (in seconds) it takes a sprinter to run 100 meters. In this example, what is the unit of measurement?

A

The number of seconds it takes to run 100 meters

61
Q

All of the following are functions of measurement, except which?

A

control

62
Q

Which of the following is an example of an absolute unit?

A

the amount of time-measured in seconds- it takes to answer this question.

63
Q

Dimensional measurement involves which of the following?

A

attaching a number to a specific dimension that represents how much of that dimension was observed.

64
Q

In the study of behavior, measures of frequency generally take the form of a ratio of _____.

A

cycles of a behavior occurring over some period of time.

65
Q

The property of temporal locus is reflected by the dimensional quantity of ______.

A

latency

66
Q

A football scout measures how long it takes a player to run 40 yards. The scout is recording what dimension of behavior?

A

duration

67
Q

You are working with a 4th grader who is having difficulty reading. They are able to pronounce words, but they often take a long time to do so. One of the measures that you decide to use to see if your intervention is working, is recording the amount of time that passes from when they read one word in a sentence, to when they read the next word. This is a measure of _____.

A

interresponse time.

68
Q

What is a limitation on what duration describes about behavior?

A

it does not include countability.

69
Q

In what way can a ratio be limiting?

A

it hides the component values being divided.

70
Q

How is celeration related to frequency?

A

Celeration describes a change in frequency over time.

71
Q

In which system does the observer divide the observation period into an equal number of intervals and then record an occurrence if and only if the target behavior is emitted for the entire interval?

A

whole interval recording

72
Q

The studies reviewed by Kern et. al. (1998) show that which of the following about the use of choice as an intervention?

A

Offering choices can effectively improve desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors.

73
Q

In time-based methods of recording and reporting behavior, duration recording involves ______.

A

measuring the length of time from when a behavior begins to its termination

74
Q

Two or more observers record the target behavior independently and simultaneously, then later compare the results to determine if the target behavior was measured with reliability. What is this called?

A

Interobserver reliability

75
Q

Choice has been found to be an effective intervention in which type of setting?

A

residential, school and vocational (all of the above)

76
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about trials to criterion?

A

It requires the same number of opportunities be available during each session.

77
Q

What did Kern et. al. (1998) concluded about research on choice as an intervention?

A

There is an increasing trend in the number of studies, but several questions remain unanswered

78
Q

The Kern et. al. (1998) article provides a review of the literature on which aspect of choice?

A

choice as an intervention

79
Q

What is the term used to describe the correctness of how a behavior is performed or how it looks?

A

topography

80
Q

When is choice is more effective as a reinforcer?

A

when the reinforcer is selected by the individual whose behavior is targeted for change

81
Q

_____ is a change in the accuracy of an observer’s performance, often gradual and for unknown reasons:

A

Observer drift

82
Q

A teacher conducts an interview with the parents of one of her students and asks them how they think their child has responded to the change in the classroom rules. In this example, the teacher is using what kind of measurement?

A

Indirect

83
Q

One of the drawbacks to using partial or whole interval recording is that it does not provide the investigator with any information about:

A

Count, duration, or frequency

84
Q

In general, the less often the target behavior occurs, the ____ should be in order to provide a good sample of responding

A

More frequent or longer observation periods

85
Q

Researchers and practitioners agree that the ideal observation and measurement procedures should be:

A

Direct, complete, and continuous

86
Q

When researcher choose to limit observer’s access information about the study as a way of minimizing the chance that it might influence their judgments, we refer to observers as being _____:

A

Blind

87
Q

The use of whole interval recording is most likely to cause the investigator to :

A

Underestimate the occurrence of the target behavior

88
Q

Clayton’s watch beeped every 5 minutes, and he recorded whether he had sworn at any time during the 5 minutes since the previous beeps. This is an example of:

A

Partial interval recording

89
Q

The overarching goal of behavioral measurement is:

A

To produce data that will guide correct and meaningful interpretations

90
Q

What advantages does automatic observation have over human observation?

A

Machines are much better at doing the same task repeatedly without being influenced by anything outside of their programmed parameters

Torres RBT EXAM (6 decks)

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