General RBT Flash cards
learn the definitions that will be important for an RBT
Indirect Measurement
Interviews, rating scales, questions, surveys
Direct Measurement
Observation of the behavior and recording it as it occurs
Behavioral Definitions
Operational, includes verbs describing behavior, objective + unambiguous, does not rely on internal states (happy, sad), does not use labels (bad or good)
Operational
Describes what the behavior looks like so two independent observers can recognize + record the same behavior
Indirect Outcome Recording
Measures results that produces an observable product in the environment. main advantage is that it’s easy to use
Direct Outcome Recording
Instead of relying on memory data is gathered immediately as the behavior occurs or as it produces results
Event Recording
Behavior is observed continuously throughout the observation period, and each instance of the behavior is recorded immediately as it occurs. Must meet two criteria: Does the behavior look the same every time? Does the behavior have a clear beginning and end?
Frequency Recording
Used for behaviors that have a clear beginning and end, tally the number of times the behavior occurs
Intensity
Magnitude or force of response (only record if this is the aspect of the behavior you are trying to change)
Duration
How long a behavior persists, should be used if you are trying to decrease how long a behavior lasts
Latency
Time that occurs between the SD and the response (ex. how long to respond to a peer’s question). You record this when the goal is to decrease the time between SD and response
Partial Interval Recording
Involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs at ANY point within the interval - even if it only occurred for 1 second. You can use this for self-stimulatory behaviors or behaviors that don’t look the same every time. An over exaggeration of the behavior, you use this method to decrease behavior.
Whole Interval Recording
Involves checking off the interval if the behavior occurs throughout the WHOLE interval. Use when it is difficult to tell when the behavior begins or ends, when it occurs at such a high rate it is difficult to keep count. An under-exaggeration of behavior, you use this method to increase behavior.
Momentary Time Sampling Recording
Data is less representative than intervals, looking for a behavior’s occurrence during a specific part of the interval and recording if it is occurring at that precise moment. Ex: setting a timer to go off every minute for a 30 minute interval, only checking for behavior and marking it down as the timer goes off.
Reinforcement
Follows a behavior that increases that behavior
Punishment
Follows a behavior that decreases that behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Addition of a pleasant stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of an aversive stimulus
Positive Punishment
Addition of an aversive stimulus
Motivating Operations
Variables in the environment that alter the relative value of a particular reinforcer at a particular time.
Deprivation
When a person hasn’t had access to a particular reinforcer for a significant period of time, makes it more potent
Negative Punishment
Removal of a pleasant stimulus
Immediacy
The time between the occurrence of the behavior and the delivery of the reinforcer. The more immediate, the more effective
Size
The magnitude of the reinforcer changes the effectiveness. You want to not give too much or the reinforcer will lose its value, but too little will not be motivating enough
Contingency
When the reinforcer is delivered only for the target behavior it is more effective
Schedules of Reinforcement
Specifies how often particular behaviors receive reinforcement
Continuous schedule
Used for learning new behaviors, the behavior is reinforced every time
Intermittent Schedule
Used to maintain behavior once a skill is acquired. Behavior is only reinforced some of the time. They generate high response rates and prevent behavior from stopping.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement after a fixed level of responses. Ex: reinforce after every 5th correct response.
Variable Ratio Schedule
An average number of responses must be made before delivery of reinforcement. Ex: slot machine
Fixed Interval Schedule
It doesn’t matter how many times the behavior occurred, the person only gets the reinforcer once the response is given after a fixed amount of time. Ex: receiving a paycheck
Extinction
When the response no longer produces reinforcement.
Extinction burst
When the behavior is no longer reinforced, it will briefly increase in frequency, intensity and duration. This is because the learner wants to see if performing the behavior more intensely will produce reinforcement.
Response Cost
Taking away a reinforcer as a result of behavior (ex: taking car keys away after missing curfew)
Behavior Intervention Plan
Plans developed to guide parents, teachers and other paraprofessionals on how to decrease inappropriate behaviors and teach or increase replacement behaviors in all settings. Everyone who interacts with the individual should follow the plan
Functional Behavior Assessment
A collection of different procedures of gathering information on antecedents, behaviors, and consequences in order to determine the factors that lead to maintaining problem behavior
Antecedent
An environmental condition existing or occurring immediately before the behavior of interest (ex: the setting, people they are around, the actions of people around them)
Visual Schedules
A set of pictures that communicate a series of activities or steps of a specific schedule. Gives a sense of control, predictability and choice over their schedule
Means to an end visual
Shows the individual when they are finished or when something new is going to happen, like a transition. Ex: timer, token board, first/then board. More likely to stay on task if they can see when they get a break
Functional Communication training
The use of appropriate communicative behavior to replace the inappropriate behavior. If we make it easier to communicate through words, sign, or pictures than the problem behavior, it is more likely they will use they functional behavior instead
Social Stories
a tool to teach children with autism how to act in social situations