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HIS of SPAIN > Midterm (God help us all) > Flashcards

Midterm (God help us all) Flashcards

1
Q

How did Christianity reach Hispania, and what interfered with and/or influenced its spread?

A

pop legend says st james/ Santiago brought it arounf 40 AD, historians think it came from North Africa, most people remained pagan and were stubborn about converting

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2
Q

What contributed to the end of Roman rule?

A

rampaging barbarians from the north

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3
Q

augustus Caesar

A

originally named Octavian, nephew of Julius Caesar, rome’s first emperor

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4
Q

pax romana

A

2 centuries of unparalleled peace and prosperity, achieved at first under augustus caesar

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5
Q

Seneca the younger/stoicism

A

Seneca was a philosopher who developed stoicism which says that an individualsought to transcend the restraints of pain and pleasure, happiness and woe, in order to free the spirit

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6
Q

marcus aurelius

A

called the Philosopher, was Roman emperor, the last of the rulers traditionally known as the Five Good Emperors. He was a practitioner of Stoicism

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7
Q

Trajan

A

first roman emperor from the provinces, under him, rome reached its greatest extent

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8
Q

Hadrian

A

adopted son of Trajan, under him Spanish conquests stopped and defense was unnecessary, under him rome reached its Golden age in hispania

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9
Q

Theodosius

A

banned paganism, outlawed olympic games,

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10
Q

st james the greater/Santiago

A

brother of St. John, according to popular legend he brought Christianity to the peninsula, built a temple to the holy virgin in zaragoza

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11
Q

Santiago de compostela

A

where the remains of st james supposedly are

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12
Q

Constantine 1

A

roman emperor who legalized christianity

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13
Q

council of nicea

A

established Nicene creed

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14
Q

Nicene creed (325)

A

basis of roman Catholicism, statement of faith

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15
Q

pagus= peasant>Pagan-

A

pagan in latin means peasant aka one who lives in a village

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16
Q

“bread and circuses”-

A

romans provided food and entertainment to keep the people content under their rule

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17
Q

Describe the impact of Visigothic rule. How did it differ from Roman rule?

A

religion

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18
Q

Who was Saint Isidore of Seville and what was his importance?

A

he wrote the etemologies which was an encyclopedia that sought to gather all of the knowledge

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19
Q

What reasons can be given for the Moors’ easy conquest of the peninsula?

A

old spanards thought that the moors would leave quickly, jews supported the moors because of how the visigoths treated them

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20
Q

What kept the Moors from conquering the entire peninsula?

A

the two leading arab factions turned against each other

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21
Q

Describe the Moors’ treatment of Christians and Jews.

A

they allowed Christians and jews to practice their religions if they submitted to Moorish rule

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22
Q

Describe the major contributions of the Moors to the development of Spanish society.

A

mosque of Cordoba, bath houses, they introduced glasswork and other art, glazed tiles, language, intro of new crops

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23
Q

409

A

visigothic invasion

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24
Q

570-632

A

life of mohammed

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25
Q

711

A

Moorish invasion

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26
Q

720

A

Battle of Covadonga

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27
Q

732

A

Battle of Poitiers/Charles Martel (Moors defeated by Charles Martel in France)

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28
Q

Andalusia

A

the last area of Moorish occupation

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29
Q

Arian heresy

A

arian view of Christianity that the visigoths observed denied the trinity

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30
Q

king Leovigild (54)-

A

greatest visigothuc ruler, under him the basque were defeated

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31
Q

Heremenegild

A

son of king leovigild, catholic martyr

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32
Q

Reccared (HO)-

A

son of leovigild, converted to Catholicism, united the kingdom under 1 religion in 590

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33
Q

Roderick (HO)-

A

visigothic leader of spain when moors enter

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34
Q

Count Julian/Florinda (HO)-

A

Florinda was the daughter of count Julian (byzantine governor of cueta in africa), Roderick was obsessed with her and raped her, so Julian is rumored to approach moors with invasion plan

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35
Q

Gibraltar- Tariq’s rock-

A

where moors landed in spain lead by tariq ibn-ziyad

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36
Q

abd-er Rahman –

A

the wanderer, transform al-andalus into a great kingdom

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37
Q

Covadonga/ pelayo –

A

pelayo organized the resistance against the moors that cumulated In the war of Covadonga in about 720

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38
Q

alfonso 1 –

A

founder of the Asturias kingdom

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39
Q

great mosque/Cordoba –

A

Cordoba was the capital of Moorish spain, the great mosque was the moors greatest legacy, moors used half of the church and allowed the Christians to stay in the other half, became the 2nd most important important place of worship for muslims

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40
Q

khalifa/caliph-

A

representative of the prophet, title taken by ab der Rahman 3

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41
Q

Crops brought by Arabs –

A

orange, lemon, peach, rice, cotton, etc

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42
Q

Fernan Gonzalez –

A

according to legend Gonzalez sold a horse and hawk to the king of leon and the king said that he would pay him a certain price but everyday that went by and he hadn’t been payed the price would double after so long the king just gave Gonzalez castilla’s independence as payment

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43
Q

Mansur –

A

the victorious, arab noble who struck blow to Christian spain by destroying shrine in Santiago de compostela and capturing it

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44
Q

During Al Mansur’s reign, what city was the center of Moorish Spain, and what caused its downfall along with that of the caliphate? -

A

medina azahra, rebellious berber mercenaries destroyed it

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45
Q

Who were the forerunners of the Reconquest? (I.e. What regions were most resistant to Moorish rule?) –

A

the kingdom of leon

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46
Q

Who was St. James the Moor Slayer (Santiago Matamoros)and what is his importance in the Reconquest?

A

the representation of the apostle James’ miraculous figure who appeared at the also legendary Battle of Clavijo, helping the Christians conquer the Muslim Moors

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47
Q

What event in 1085 was the first crucial victory of the Reconquest? How did the Moors respond, and what was the result? –

A

alfonso’s army recaptured Toledo, the asked for help from muslim Africa causing the almoravids to come and help them

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48
Q

What was the importance of the Battle of las Navas de Tolosa in 1212?

A

marked the beginning of the end for muslim spain, Christians got a large part of andalusia, turning point, makes moors retreat to Granada

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49
Q

Who was the Cid, and how was he influential in the Reconquest?

A

Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar - served Sancho of castilla (son of Fernando 1), achieved lasting fame through the first great epic poem of Spanish literature, el cantar del mio cid, exiled by alfonso VI and fought in the service of the moors, national hero of Christian Spain

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50
Q

What ended Almoravid rule in the 12th century? How did the period that followed differ? –

A

the uprising by the almohades, the almohades were intolerant of other religion

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51
Q

What are some of the cultural contributions of the Moors?

A

alchemy and medicine, advanced hospitals for lepers, Arabic numerals, algebra, language, technology for making paper and gunpowder

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52
Q

Why was the marriage of Fernando and Isabel in 1469 a watershed in the history of Spain?

A

war over who was going to be the next to get the crown

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53
Q

Castile (p79)

A

center of peninsular gravity, castillian language originated around burgos, oldest written example is manuscript from 964 by the monks of san Millan de la cogolla the cradle of castilian

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54
Q

Santiago the pilgrimage site –

A

greatest Christian pilgramige of the middle ages, a network of pilgrims’ ways or pilgrimages leading to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the Great in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela where tradition has it that the remains of the saint are buried.

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55
Q

latfundios –

A

large land grants that nobles and the more successful knights recieved

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56
Q

grandes/hidalgos-

A

the grandes were at the top of the pyramid, hidalgos (lesser nobles) under them, hidalgos lived by a strict code that glorified land ownership and discourage business activities and manuel labor

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57
Q

importance of sheep –

A

demand soared for Spanish wool and it was the mainstay of the economy for centuries

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58
Q

averroes –

A

philosopher, translated the works of Aristotle into arabic

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59
Q

Maimonides-

A

renowned doctor who wrote many medical treatises

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60
Q

1212-

A

Las Navas de Tolsa, Moorish troops defeated by christians

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61
Q

Alfonso X-

A

“the learned” of “the wise”, Christian king who who oversaw enlightened tolerance for jews and moors, expanded schools for translators who turned literature, philosophy, and medicine into latin

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62
Q

mudejares-

A

the moors permitted to remain, areas where there was a majority of muslim people but the Christians didn’t see them as a threat bc they weren’t under the control of their Morrocan overlords

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63
Q

mudejar style in architecture –

A

horseshoe arch, florid detail, and other Moorish motifs were adapted to Christian and secular buildings

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64
Q

The Catholic Kings -

A

joint title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon

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65
Q

How did the new monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, consolidate their power? (I.e. What type of reforms did they put into effect in the social, political, and religious spheres?) –

A

they forced the aristocrats out of parliament, took control of the noble-infested military orders, and ordered the destruction of all castles not vital to national defense

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66
Q

Who was targeted by the Spanish Inquisition, and why? –

A

false Christians, particularly jews who had converted but secretly maintained their rites and customs bc conversos were unreliable and dangerous to the monarchy

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67
Q

Describe the manifold significance of the year 1492. Name specific events and their influence on Spain and/or the rest of the world. –

A

Granada surrenders, catholic monarchs enter Granada, jews who refused to convert were expelled, Christopher Columbus given permission for voyage, Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexnder VI (most corrupt pope in history

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68
Q

What were the major challenges that Carlos I faced during his reign, both at home and abroad? –

A

the madness and subsequent seclusion of his queen mother, pacifying his Iberian kingdoms, the pope, rivalry between the Habsburg and Valois dynasties, struggle against Protestantism in northern europe

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69
Q

How did Hernando Cortés conquer the Aztecs? –

A

the Aztecs saw him as the god Quetzalcoatl and they were awed and terrified by the things that Cortez brought with him that they had never seen before like horses, war-dogs, muskets, and artillery

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70
Q

Describe the origin of the Society of the Jesuits and its role in the Spanish Counter-Reformation. –

A

Catholicism’s most controversial religious order bc of their military style organization and special vow of loyalty to the pope stood firm against the rising protestant tide

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71
Q

844-

A

battle of clavijo- rumored legandary battle where undermanned army of christians faces mighty army of muslims, st james appears on horseback with sword drawn and leads the christian armies to victory, gives christians hope, christians see it as God having their side

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72
Q

11th c-

A

the cid

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73
Q

1212-

A

battle of las navas de tolosa

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74
Q

13c

A

alfonso x, convivencia

75
Q

14thc

A

the black death

76
Q

1496-

A

marriage of Ferdinand and Isabel

77
Q

1478-

A

establishment of inquisition

78
Q

1492-

A

end of reconquest; colombus; expulsion of jews

79
Q

santa fe -

A

“the cradle of spanishness,” birthplace of the Spanish world, place where the kingdoms of castilla and aragon ended morrish occupation, where Christopher colombus got permission for his voyage, built to be a base camp for the final assault on Granada

80
Q

conversos-

A

converts

81
Q

marranos (pigs/swine) –

A

jewish converts suspected of reverting to their jewish practices

82
Q

inquisition-

A

tomas de Torquemada

83
Q

auto de fe-

A

“act of faith,” punishment dealt to conversos who were found guilty of still observing their first faith included proxessions, sermons, confession, and executions

84
Q

Alhambra-

A

“the red castle,” palace built by the moors

85
Q

yoke and arrows –

A

badge that the Christian armies marched under

86
Q

Boabdil.

A

“the unfortunate one” – son of Aixa and Mulay, Granada split between Aixa and Boab and Soraya (concubine), boab made a deal w Fernando that he would surrender Granada once his rivals (father and uncle) were defeated eventually goes back on his word, surrenders Granada

87
Q

Granada –

A

last arab stronghold

88
Q

Christopher colombus –

A

first presented his ideas about the sea to the Portuguese then approached the Spanish, thought that the distance between the canaries and China was just 4 thousand kilometers and council appointed by Isabella and Ferdinand said it was larger and no, his bro tried to get England to sponsor chris but chris wouldn’t give up oon isabella

89
Q

treaty of Granada –

A

Boabdil gives up Granada, boa gets gold and land, guaranteed Moorish rights, vanquished offered transit to morocco and a return trip to spain if unhappy

90
Q

Sephardic jews –

A

jews descending from the jews of Spain who settled in North Africa, Italy, Greece, turkey, and the Levant

91
Q

October 12 –

A

el dia de la Hispanidad, the day that Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas on San Salvador

92
Q

amerigo Vespucci –

A

chartered the coastland of south ameruca, where the new world got its name

93
Q

Rodrigo Borgia, pope alexander VI –

A

most corrupt pope in history, named Fernando and Isabella the catholic kings

94
Q

Hidalgo –

A

got the name Don and a family coat of arms, made people spend time on finding or inventing aristocratic ancestors in the family tree

95
Q

Latfundia –

A

huge tracts of andalucia that were handed out to important nobles

96
Q

Cardinal Cisneros –

A

confessor to the queen, appointed archbishop of Toledo and enforced the vow of celibacy, oversaw the inquisition, developed the core of the Spanish navy, and led armies, ruthless pursecuter of the moors, sponsored forced conversions and bonfires of Islamic books

97
Q

morisco-

A

moors who converted to Christianity, most muslims chose to stay and to convert

98
Q

la celestina-

A

written by converso Fernando de rojas in 1499, some call it the first European novel, the story of an old hag who sells her wisdom and love potions to encourage seduction and romance, ends the 15th century, changes the world by looking at the relationship of the part to the whole

99
Q

phillip “the Fair” of burgundy –

A

the husband of Juana, the mad (Fernando and Isabel’s daughter, next in line for throne), player, when Isabel died she made Fernando regent to subvert phillip and Juana’s power but phillip forces Fernando to step down and phillip dies quickly

100
Q

Joanna the mad/juana la loca –

A

daughter of Fernando and Isabel, next in line for throne after her bro dies, plunged into deep despair by husbands affairs, seen as too fragile to lead, collapses mentally when husband dies, started touring spain w his body, eventually secludes herself for 46 years until she dies but remains the queen of Spain the whole time

101
Q

Charles of ghent-charles 1/ Charles V -

A

son of phillip and juana, castilla and aragon fall to him, elected as holy roman emperor Charles V, made Spaniards consider themselves part of Europe for the first time, abdicated thrown for his bro bc he was tired and gave the low countries and spain w all of its possessions to his son felipe

102
Q

fountain of youth/ search for el dorado –

A

ponce de leon sailed from cuba and hit the mainland in what he called florida looking for waters that the Indians had claimed had remarkable medicinal powers

103
Q

Ferdinand Magellan –

A

Portuguese explorer who discovered and named the strait of Magellan and named the pacific ocean

104
Q

conquistadores

A

pizarro
cortes
balbao

105
Q

pizarro –

A

conquered the incas in Peru

106
Q

cortes –

A

conquered the Aztecs in mexico

107
Q

balboa –

A

first to see the pacific ocean, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World, discovery made it so there was no doubt that Columbus had discovered a new continent

108
Q

incas –

A

native people of Peru

109
Q

Atahualpa –

A

ruler of the incas

110
Q

Viracocha –

A

a bearded white god of the incas who granted gifts of civilization and then left and promised to come back

111
Q

the Aztecs –

A

indian group in Mexico, conquered by Cortes

112
Q

moctezuma –

A

the Aztec ruler who welcomed cortes

113
Q

Quetzalcoatl –

A

the god that the Aztecs saw Cortes as, instructed them in agriculture and other things before leaving them with a promise to return

114
Q

Suleiman, the magnificent –

A

ruler of turkey

115
Q

saint Ignatius of Loyola –

A

jailed for suspected illuminist learnings, spearheaded the Spanish counter-reformation, his book spiritual exercises became the cornerstone of the society of Jesus, the Jesuits

116
Q

Erasmus –

A

leading humanist

117
Q

martin luther –

A

leader of the protestant reformation, wrote the 95 theses which said that that the Bible is the central religious authority and that humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds

118
Q

Describe the Black Legend and its primary proponent. -

A

the historical and literary tradition of smearing Spain, Spaniards, and anything Hispanic as evil, inferior, and uniquely cruel, montanus

119
Q

1516-

A

Charles I

120
Q

1556-

A

phillip II

121
Q

1571-

A

battle of lepanto

122
Q

1588

A

the Spanish armada

123
Q

the Escorial –

A

referred to as the 8th wonder of the world, a palace-monastery, has a royal crypt, library, and a collection of body parts, monument of the counter-reformation, symbol of Spanish catholisism, built by king Philip 2 in late 16th century

124
Q

Bartolome de la casa, a brief relation –

A

the first priest ordained in the new world, began a campaign to prove Spanish crimes

125
Q

madrid, the new capital of spain –

A

king phillip 2 moved spains administrative capital from Toledo to madrid in 1561 bc of its location at the peninsula’s geographical center

126
Q

what does roman conquest entail

A

architecture (cathedrals and castles)
pleasure (colosseum, amphitheatre)
communication (roads, bridges)
public services (bath houses)

127
Q

roman emperors from spain

A

hadrian and trajan

128
Q

what is significant about the roman emperors from spain

A

shows that the education system of spain had reached such levels that some who attended it could lead all of rome

129
Q

how do the romans treat christians

A

they persecute them and drive them into the catacombs

130
Q

who influenced constantine’s policies about christianity

A

his mom, helena, was a christian

131
Q

what was the greatest contribution of the visigoths

A

they preserved what was roman, sustained the infrastructure that was put in place by the romans

132
Q

what was the capital of spain under the visigoths

A

toledo

133
Q

Hermenguild

A

first martyr

134
Q

valley of the fallen

A

cross constructed in the Guadarrama mountains to represent the soldiers fallen in the spanish civil war by frnaco across from the escorial bc he knew he wasn’t going to be allowed to be buried there

135
Q

pillate

A

most magnificant sculpture, mary holding the dead Jesus

136
Q

segovia

A

used to be roman military base, built aqueduct to provide water to the troops

137
Q

under what rule was christianity consolidated

A

the visigoths

138
Q

1450

A

invention of the printing press

139
Q

who was the father of the convivencia

A

alfonso x

140
Q

under who does spanish become the official language

A

alfonso x

141
Q

what is the symbol of St. James

A

shell w sowrd on it

142
Q

july 25

A

the day of St. James

143
Q

what is pamplona associated with

A

the martyr st fermin

144
Q

where is castillian first found

A

in a monastary called San Millan in a manuscript

145
Q

what does convivencia mean

A

coexsistence, living together

146
Q

santa maria la blanca

A

synagogue built by the moors for jews

147
Q

what is alfonso x associated with

A

pro-christian law books, capidario (medicinal properties of rocks and gems), translated non-christian works, father of castilian language, wrote general estoria (history of the world) and siete partidas (political works)

148
Q

jewish contributions

A

medicine
translators
crafts

149
Q

cANTIGAS DE SANTA MARIA

A

series of poems written by alfonso

150
Q

antonio de nebrija

A

wrote the 1st book of grammar

151
Q

when does seville fall

A

11th century

152
Q

what does the cid mean and who gave him this name

A

lord, the muslims bc he was a merciful enemy =

153
Q

what was the task of the inquisition

A

discover heresey

154
Q

1670

A

circulation of forged document that said that the inquisition executed way more people than it actually did

155
Q

nicolo machiazeli

A

wrote what it meant to be a good ruler, said the ends justifies the means, wrote the prince which talks about what it means to be a good ruler and his example was ferdinand

156
Q

1516

A

charles 1/v comes into rule

157
Q

werner herzay

A

write aguirre, the wrath of God, film about the mindset of conquistadors

158
Q

habsburg dynasty in spain

A

came from austria

1500-1700

159
Q

charles 2

A

the idiot, result of intermarriage which made him imcompetent
last habsburg ruler
1665-1700

160
Q

la guernica

A

painting by picasso

shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals

161
Q

miguel de cervantes

A

wrote don quixote

162
Q

antonio de nebrija

A

wrote a book of grammar of the Castilian language

163
Q

polygot bible

A

the first printed polyglot of the entire Bible, initiated and financed by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros

164
Q

1516

A

charles 1/5 comes into pwer in spain

165
Q

where did the reformation start and who was associated w it

A

spain, loyola (basque soldier)

166
Q

famous mystics

A

teresa of avila and john of the cross

167
Q

what does teresa of avila reform and found

A

the carmaliete order, discalced carmalliete

168
Q

1898

A

spanish american war

169
Q

1776

A

declaration of independence

170
Q

1789

A

french revolution

171
Q

1588

A

spanish armada

172
Q

1499 to 17th c

A

golden age of spain

173
Q

the 3 main battles that prevented spain from being an islamic nation

A

the battle f covadonga
battle of tours
battle of lepanto

174
Q

describe the traditional cathedral

A

in the shape of the cross, pulpit at center, aisle called nave (for navel)

175
Q

renaissance

A

revival of greek and roman tendencies, you see absolute symetry

176
Q

the battle of lepanto

A

naval battle lead by john of austria, one of the most significant battles that prevent spain from being islamic

177
Q

picaresque novel

A

look at society from the bottom up

178
Q

what period creates the black legend

A

reformation

179
Q

significant theatre people during the golden age of spain

A

lope de vega (spanish shakespeare)

calderon (life is a dream)

180
Q

significant painters during the spanish golden age

A 
el greco (king didn't like him)
valasque (king liked him)
181
Q

las merinas

A

valasquez’ masterpiece

182
Q

phillip 2

A

aka paper king, created council of trent which is designed to clean up church

183
Q

why was the war against protestants do significant

A

the printing press allowed propaganda to occur

HIS of SPAIN (9 decks)

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