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Public Health > Midterm Exam (Everything Else) > Flashcards

Midterm Exam (Everything Else) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the distribution and patterns of health and disease and their causes in populations

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

The number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time

A

Prevalence

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3
Q

The number of new cases of a disease within a specified population during a giving time. Basically the measure of risk for developing a disease

A

Incidence

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4
Q

Number of cases at a specific point in time

A

Point prevalence

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5
Q

Number of cases over a specified period of time

A

Period prevalence

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6
Q

Diseases that last 3 months or less

A

Acute diseases

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7
Q

Diseases that last 3 months or longer

A

Chronic diseases

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8
Q

A disease that is constantly present in the community or population

A

Endemic diseases

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9
Q

Diseases where only a few scattered cases are found within an area or population

A

Sporadic diseases

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10
Q

Diseases where a large number of cases that are out of proportion to what is normally expected occurs

A

Epidemic diseases

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11
Q

An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent

A

Pandemic diseases

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12
Q

Means that things are linked in some way that makes them turn up together

A

Association

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13
Q

Something that produces an outcome

A

Cause

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14
Q

When an exposure and an outcome turn up together, they are ________

A

Associated

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15
Q

Happens when people confuse causation vs association. Ex: Ice cream causes death by drowning or chiropractic adjustments cause death and strokes.

A

Logical Fallacy

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16
Q

T/F Causation of a disease occurrence or outbreak is always easy to establish

A

FALSE

It can be difficult to establish

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17
Q

Most common type of epidemiological studies in public health

A

Descriptive studies

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18
Q

Goal of descriptive studies

A

Using who, when, and where information to try and establish risk factors or information for how a disease can manifest itself

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19
Q

Studies whose purpose is to test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors

A

Analytical studies

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20
Q

Studies where an investigator actually allocates the exposure and randomly assigns the exposure or intervention to the participants and follows the subjects through the development of the disease. Considered a gold standard

A

Randomized Control Trials (RCT’s)

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21
Q

Advantages of randomization in studies

A
  • Bias due to confounding in minimized

- Ability to make causal inferences is enhanced

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22
Q

Studies that look _____ are known as ______ while studies that look ______ are known as ______

A

Forward (Prospective) = Cohort

Backward (Retrospective) = Case-Control studies

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23
Q

Studies that collect data on exposures and outcomes simultaneously

A

Survey

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24
Q

T/F Survey studies require follow ups

A

FALSE.

Surveys do NOT require follow ups

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25
Q

Difference between systemic reviews and meta-analysis

A 
SR = consolidates the data and provides a summary of conclusions
MA = consolidates the data and provides a new data analysis/statistics
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26
Q

A blueprint to effectively track and address the most important health care needs of Americans. What agency coordinates this?

A

Healthy People Initiative

DHHS

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27
Q

Focus of the healthy people initiative

A

Disease prevention and health promotion

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28
Q

Considered the cornerstone of evidence based prevention and health promotion activities in the US

A

Healthy People Initiative

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29
Q

The healthy people initiative is published every _______, with the current report being called ______ after it was released in 2010

A

10 years

HP 2020

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30
Q

Overreaching goals of HP2020

A

1) Attain high quality, longer lives
2) Eliminate disparities
3) Create social and physical environments that promote good health
4) Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors

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31
Q

The HP2020 consists of ___ Leading Health Indicators and __ Focus Areas

A

12 Leading Health Indicators

42 Focus Areas

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32
Q

Components of the Wellness Model of Practice for integrating healthy people and chiropractic

A

1) Adjusting to promote optimal function
2) Screening for risk factors
3) Healthy behavior counseling

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33
Q

Leading Chronic Diseases in order

A

1) Heart Disease and Stroke
2) Cancer
3) Diabetes
4) Arthritis
5) Obesity

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34
Q

Leading Causes of Death in order

A

1) Heart Disease
2) Cancer
3) Chronic Respiratory Diseases
4) Stroke
5) Accidents (unintentional)

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35
Q

Fraction of American adults currently affected by heart disease

A

1/3

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36
Q

Lifetime risk for males and females developing heart disease

A 
Males = 2 in 3 (67%)
Females = 1 in 2 (50%)
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37
Q

T/F Heart disease has been the #1 cause of death every year in the US since 1900

A

FALSE.

Every year except 1918

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38
Q

1 cause of death in the US in 1918

A

Spanish flu

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39
Q

Heart study started in 1940’s that has continued to this day. Involves 3 generations of subjects enrolled and has established over 100 scientific papers showing risk factors. What kind of study is this?

A

Framingham Heart Study

Cohort(Prospective) study

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40
Q

Comprehensive lifestyle changes that have shown to decrease a risk of heart disease

A
  • Low-fat vegetarian diet
  • Stop smoking
  • Stress management training
  • Moderate exercise
41
Q

Comprehensive lifestyle changes had what effect on heart disease after one year?

A

Reduced atherosclerosis by 82% without the use of lipid lowering drugs

42
Q

Factors that decrease the risk of heart disease

A
  • Low BP
  • Low cholesterol
  • Control diabetes
  • Quit smoking
  • Increase physical activity
  • Maintain healthy weight
  • Eat well
  • Decrease inflammation
43
Q

Leading cause of death for people under 85

A

Cancer

44
Q

Most common cancers

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Colorectal
45
Q

Top 3 diagnosed and deadly cancers in men

A

Diagnosed
1) Prostate; 2) Lung; 3) Colorectal
Death
1) Lung; 2) Prostate 3) Colorectal

46
Q

Top 3 diagnosed and deadly cancer in women

A

Diagnosed
1) Breast; 2) Lung; 3) Colorectal
Death
1) Lung; 2) Breast; 3) Colorectal

47
Q

The most common cause of cancer related death in both men and women

A

Lung cancer

48
Q

T/F 51% of lung cancers are due to smoking

A

FALSE.

80% of lung cancers are due to smoking

49
Q

T/F Females have a greater risk of lung cancer over males

A

True

50
Q

Factors that decrease risk of lung cancer

A
  • Avoid smoking
  • Avoid second hand smoke
  • Avoid aspect, radon, arsenic, tar soot, nickel, silica, and chromium
  • Limit alcohol intake
  • Eat a balanced diet
51
Q

Incidence of breast cancer. Is this number increasing or decreasing?

A

12.5% (1 in 8)

Increasing

52
Q

T/F 60% of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors

A

True

53
Q

Factors that decrease the risk of breast cancer

A
  • Minimize use of oral contraceptives
  • Minimize use of hormone replacement therapy
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Exercise regularly
  • Minimize alcohol intake
  • Have children early in life
  • Breastfeed
54
Q

T/F Colorectal cancer risk stays constant throughout life

A

FALSE.

Risk increases with age

55
Q

More than _% of cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed in those older than __

A

90%

Older than 50

56
Q

Factors that decreases risk of colorectal cancer

A
  • Get colonoscopies and polyps removed
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Decrease red meat intake
  • Increase fiber intake
57
Q

T/F 70-90% of men over 80 who died from any other cause had undiagnosed prostate cancer

A

True

58
Q

Fraction of men over 50 that have histological evidence of prostate cancer

A

1/3

59
Q

Factors that decrease risk of prostate cancer

A
  • Low fat diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables
  • Decrease calcium supplementation
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Exercise
  • Drink green tea
  • Control prostate infection/inflammation
  • Masturbate/Sex
60
Q

Incidence of this has doubled in the middle aged in the past 30 years and continues to rise.

A

Type 2 Diabetes

61
Q

Lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women

A 
Men = 33% (1 in 3)
Women = 40% (2 in 5)
62
Q

Factors that decreases risk of diabetes

A
  • Increase physical activity
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Eat a low-fat, non-processed diet
  • Decrease fat intake and increase fiber intake
  • No smoking
63
Q

Number of adults currently in the US reported having some form of physician-diagnosed arthritis. What is this number projected to be by 2030

A 
Currently = ~50 million adults
2030 = ~ 67 million adults
64
Q

T/F Arthritis is one of the most common disorders in the US, but uncommon in the world

A

FALSE.

Arthritis is one of the most common disorders in the world

65
Q

Most common form of arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

66
Q

Most common joint disorder in the world

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

67
Q

What % of people with OA are over 75 years old?

A

80%

68
Q

Who is most prevalent to develop OA?

A

Women over 75 (although prevalence increases with age)

69
Q

Common locations of OA

A

Hand, knee, hip, and intervertebral facet joints

70
Q

Type of arthritis that is inflammatory and effects 1.3 million adults and 300,000 children in the US

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA; Juvenile = JRA)

71
Q

T/F Obesity rate in the US are increasing to the point where all American adults are predicted to be overweight or obese by the year 2020

A

FALSE.

All American adults are predicted to be obese by 2048

72
Q

% of kids and adults obese

A 
Kids = 20% (1 in 5)
Adult = 33% (1 in 3)
73
Q

T/F Obesity rates in children have tripled

A

True

74
Q

BMI numbers for someone overweight and obese

A 
Overweight = 25-29 BMI
Obese = >30 BMI
75
Q

Worst kind of fat deposition in obese people

A

Central adiposity

76
Q

Most common and costly of all health problems. Most preventable

A

Chronic diseases

77
Q

Sedentary Lifestyle

A

Engaging in no leisure time physical activity in a 2 week period

78
Q

T/F Physical activity can prevent/treat only a few specific diseases

A

FALSE.

79
Q

What deaths could be prevented by physical activity?

A
  • 1/3 of coronary heart disease deaths
  • 1/4 of stroke and osteoporosis deaths
  • 20% of colon cancer, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes deaths
  • 14% of breast cancer deaths
80
Q

How much physical activity US adults should get according to the CDC and ACSM

A

30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week

81
Q

Any physical activity that increases heart rate will have

A

Aerobic benefits
Burn calories
Increase circulation

82
Q

Why should people be aware of one sided exercises?

A

Repetitive strains to one side may lead to injuries

83
Q

Leading cause of preventable illnesses and death in the U.S.

A

Tobacco use

84
Q

Illnesses associated with tobacco use

A
  • Many different cancers
  • Chronic lung diseases
  • Heart disease
85
Q

Examples of environmental tobacco smoke

A
  • Secondhand smoke
  • Involuntary smoking
  • Passive smoking
86
Q

T/F There are 12 class A carcinogens in environmental tobacco smoke

A 
FALSE.
There are at least 69 class A carcinogens
87
Q

T/F Radon is the most important containment of indoor air

A

FALSE.

Tobacco smoke is

88
Q

Smoke released directly from a smoldering cigarette

A

Sidestream smoke

89
Q

Why is side stream smoke more toxic than mainstream smoke?

A

Side stream = from a smoldering cigarette. Contains much higher concentrations of tar, nicotine, and CO because it has not been filtered by the smokers lung

90
Q

T/F The first 6 months of gestation are the most critical to being affected by tobacco smoke

A

FALSE.

The last 6 months are the most critical

91
Q

Risks to the baby associated with tobacco smoke

A
  • Birth defects (cleft life or palate)
  • Premature birth
  • Low birth weight
92
Q

T/F Smoking cessation extends life substantially, regardless of the age of cessation

A

True

93
Q

How much of the U.S. population lives in a state with a smoking ban?

A

Approximately half the population

94
Q

3rd lead causing of preventable mortality in the U.S.

A

Alcohol

95
Q

% of Americans that are over 12 years old and are current drinkers

A

52%

96
Q

Definition of binge drinking in men and women

A 
Men = having more than 5 drinks in a single occasion 
Women = have more than 4 drinks in a single occasion
97
Q

Harmful health effects of alcohol

A
  • Increases risk for unintentional injuries
  • Contributes to intentional violence
  • Rape drug
  • Binge/heavy drinking
98
Q

T/F Alcohol is the #1 rape drug

A

True

99
Q

Evidence shows that consumption of moderate to low amounts of alcohol may help decrease the risk of:

A
  • Developing heart disease
  • Dying of a heart attack
  • Strokes (particularly ischemic strokes)
  • Gallstones
  • Diabetes

Public Health (6 decks)

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