Midterm Exam (Everything Else) Flashcards
The study of the distribution and patterns of health and disease and their causes in populations
Epidemiology
The number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time
Prevalence
The number of new cases of a disease within a specified population during a giving time. Basically the measure of risk for developing a disease
Incidence
Number of cases at a specific point in time
Point prevalence
Number of cases over a specified period of time
Period prevalence
Diseases that last 3 months or less
Acute diseases
Diseases that last 3 months or longer
Chronic diseases
A disease that is constantly present in the community or population
Endemic diseases
Diseases where only a few scattered cases are found within an area or population
Sporadic diseases
Diseases where a large number of cases that are out of proportion to what is normally expected occurs
Epidemic diseases
An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent
Pandemic diseases
Means that things are linked in some way that makes them turn up together
Association
Something that produces an outcome
Cause
When an exposure and an outcome turn up together, they are ________
Associated
Happens when people confuse causation vs association. Ex: Ice cream causes death by drowning or chiropractic adjustments cause death and strokes.
Logical Fallacy
T/F Causation of a disease occurrence or outbreak is always easy to establish
FALSE
It can be difficult to establish
Most common type of epidemiological studies in public health
Descriptive studies
Goal of descriptive studies
Using who, when, and where information to try and establish risk factors or information for how a disease can manifest itself
Studies whose purpose is to test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors
Analytical studies
Studies where an investigator actually allocates the exposure and randomly assigns the exposure or intervention to the participants and follows the subjects through the development of the disease. Considered a gold standard
Randomized Control Trials (RCT’s)
Advantages of randomization in studies
- Bias due to confounding in minimized
- Ability to make causal inferences is enhanced
Studies that look _____ are known as ______ while studies that look ______ are known as ______
Forward (Prospective) = Cohort
Backward (Retrospective) = Case-Control studies
Studies that collect data on exposures and outcomes simultaneously
Survey
T/F Survey studies require follow ups
FALSE.
Surveys do NOT require follow ups
Difference between systemic reviews and meta-analysis
SR = consolidates the data and provides a summary of conclusions MA = consolidates the data and provides a new data analysis/statistics
A blueprint to effectively track and address the most important health care needs of Americans. What agency coordinates this?
Healthy People Initiative
DHHS
Focus of the healthy people initiative
Disease prevention and health promotion
Considered the cornerstone of evidence based prevention and health promotion activities in the US
Healthy People Initiative
The healthy people initiative is published every _______, with the current report being called ______ after it was released in 2010
10 years
HP 2020
Overreaching goals of HP2020
1) Attain high quality, longer lives
2) Eliminate disparities
3) Create social and physical environments that promote good health
4) Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors
The HP2020 consists of ___ Leading Health Indicators and __ Focus Areas
12 Leading Health Indicators
42 Focus Areas
Components of the Wellness Model of Practice for integrating healthy people and chiropractic
1) Adjusting to promote optimal function
2) Screening for risk factors
3) Healthy behavior counseling
Leading Chronic Diseases in order
1) Heart Disease and Stroke
2) Cancer
3) Diabetes
4) Arthritis
5) Obesity
Leading Causes of Death in order
1) Heart Disease
2) Cancer
3) Chronic Respiratory Diseases
4) Stroke
5) Accidents (unintentional)
Fraction of American adults currently affected by heart disease
1/3
Lifetime risk for males and females developing heart disease
Males = 2 in 3 (67%) Females = 1 in 2 (50%)
T/F Heart disease has been the #1 cause of death every year in the US since 1900
FALSE.
Every year except 1918
1 cause of death in the US in 1918
Spanish flu
Heart study started in 1940’s that has continued to this day. Involves 3 generations of subjects enrolled and has established over 100 scientific papers showing risk factors. What kind of study is this?
Framingham Heart Study
Cohort(Prospective) study
Comprehensive lifestyle changes that have shown to decrease a risk of heart disease
- Low-fat vegetarian diet
- Stop smoking
- Stress management training
- Moderate exercise
Comprehensive lifestyle changes had what effect on heart disease after one year?
Reduced atherosclerosis by 82% without the use of lipid lowering drugs
Factors that decrease the risk of heart disease
- Low BP
- Low cholesterol
- Control diabetes
- Quit smoking
- Increase physical activity
- Maintain healthy weight
- Eat well
- Decrease inflammation
Leading cause of death for people under 85
Cancer
Most common cancers
- Lung
- Breast
- Colorectal
Top 3 diagnosed and deadly cancers in men
Diagnosed
1) Prostate; 2) Lung; 3) Colorectal
Death
1) Lung; 2) Prostate 3) Colorectal
Top 3 diagnosed and deadly cancer in women
Diagnosed
1) Breast; 2) Lung; 3) Colorectal
Death
1) Lung; 2) Breast; 3) Colorectal
The most common cause of cancer related death in both men and women
Lung cancer
T/F 51% of lung cancers are due to smoking
FALSE.
80% of lung cancers are due to smoking
T/F Females have a greater risk of lung cancer over males
True
Factors that decrease risk of lung cancer
- Avoid smoking
- Avoid second hand smoke
- Avoid aspect, radon, arsenic, tar soot, nickel, silica, and chromium
- Limit alcohol intake
- Eat a balanced diet
Incidence of breast cancer. Is this number increasing or decreasing?
12.5% (1 in 8)
Increasing
T/F 60% of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors
True
Factors that decrease the risk of breast cancer
- Minimize use of oral contraceptives
- Minimize use of hormone replacement therapy
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Exercise regularly
- Minimize alcohol intake
- Have children early in life
- Breastfeed
T/F Colorectal cancer risk stays constant throughout life
FALSE.
Risk increases with age
More than _% of cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed in those older than __
90%
Older than 50
Factors that decreases risk of colorectal cancer
- Get colonoscopies and polyps removed
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Decrease red meat intake
- Increase fiber intake
T/F 70-90% of men over 80 who died from any other cause had undiagnosed prostate cancer
True
Fraction of men over 50 that have histological evidence of prostate cancer
1/3
Factors that decrease risk of prostate cancer
- Low fat diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables
- Decrease calcium supplementation
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Exercise
- Drink green tea
- Control prostate infection/inflammation
- Masturbate/Sex
Incidence of this has doubled in the middle aged in the past 30 years and continues to rise.
Type 2 Diabetes
Lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women
Men = 33% (1 in 3) Women = 40% (2 in 5)
Factors that decreases risk of diabetes
- Increase physical activity
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Eat a low-fat, non-processed diet
- Decrease fat intake and increase fiber intake
- No smoking
Number of adults currently in the US reported having some form of physician-diagnosed arthritis. What is this number projected to be by 2030
Currently = ~50 million adults 2030 = ~ 67 million adults
T/F Arthritis is one of the most common disorders in the US, but uncommon in the world
FALSE.
Arthritis is one of the most common disorders in the world
Most common form of arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Most common joint disorder in the world
Osteoarthritis (OA)
What % of people with OA are over 75 years old?
80%
Who is most prevalent to develop OA?
Women over 75 (although prevalence increases with age)
Common locations of OA
Hand, knee, hip, and intervertebral facet joints
Type of arthritis that is inflammatory and effects 1.3 million adults and 300,000 children in the US
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA; Juvenile = JRA)
T/F Obesity rate in the US are increasing to the point where all American adults are predicted to be overweight or obese by the year 2020
FALSE.
All American adults are predicted to be obese by 2048
% of kids and adults obese
Kids = 20% (1 in 5) Adult = 33% (1 in 3)
T/F Obesity rates in children have tripled
True
BMI numbers for someone overweight and obese
Overweight = 25-29 BMI Obese = >30 BMI
Worst kind of fat deposition in obese people
Central adiposity
Most common and costly of all health problems. Most preventable
Chronic diseases
Sedentary Lifestyle
Engaging in no leisure time physical activity in a 2 week period
T/F Physical activity can prevent/treat only a few specific diseases
FALSE.
What deaths could be prevented by physical activity?
- 1/3 of coronary heart disease deaths
- 1/4 of stroke and osteoporosis deaths
- 20% of colon cancer, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes deaths
- 14% of breast cancer deaths
How much physical activity US adults should get according to the CDC and ACSM
30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week
Any physical activity that increases heart rate will have
Aerobic benefits
Burn calories
Increase circulation
Why should people be aware of one sided exercises?
Repetitive strains to one side may lead to injuries
Leading cause of preventable illnesses and death in the U.S.
Tobacco use
Illnesses associated with tobacco use
- Many different cancers
- Chronic lung diseases
- Heart disease
Examples of environmental tobacco smoke
- Secondhand smoke
- Involuntary smoking
- Passive smoking
T/F There are 12 class A carcinogens in environmental tobacco smoke
FALSE. There are at least 69 class A carcinogens
T/F Radon is the most important containment of indoor air
FALSE.
Tobacco smoke is
Smoke released directly from a smoldering cigarette
Sidestream smoke
Why is side stream smoke more toxic than mainstream smoke?
Side stream = from a smoldering cigarette. Contains much higher concentrations of tar, nicotine, and CO because it has not been filtered by the smokers lung
T/F The first 6 months of gestation are the most critical to being affected by tobacco smoke
FALSE.
The last 6 months are the most critical
Risks to the baby associated with tobacco smoke
- Birth defects (cleft life or palate)
- Premature birth
- Low birth weight
T/F Smoking cessation extends life substantially, regardless of the age of cessation
True
How much of the U.S. population lives in a state with a smoking ban?
Approximately half the population
3rd lead causing of preventable mortality in the U.S.
Alcohol
% of Americans that are over 12 years old and are current drinkers
52%
Definition of binge drinking in men and women
Men = having more than 5 drinks in a single occasion Women = have more than 4 drinks in a single occasion
Harmful health effects of alcohol
- Increases risk for unintentional injuries
- Contributes to intentional violence
- Rape drug
- Binge/heavy drinking
T/F Alcohol is the #1 rape drug
True
Evidence shows that consumption of moderate to low amounts of alcohol may help decrease the risk of:
- Developing heart disease
- Dying of a heart attack
- Strokes (particularly ischemic strokes)
- Gallstones
- Diabetes
