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Public Health > Final Exam (Environmental health) > Flashcards

Final Exam (Environmental health) Flashcards

1
Q

Study and management of environmental conditions that affect the health and well-being of humans

A

Environmental health

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2
Q

Factors or conditions in the environment that increase the risk of human injury, disease, or death

A

Environmental hazards

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3
Q

An event of nature that increases the probability of disease, injury, or death of humans; tsunamis, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.

A

Natural hazards

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4
Q

Consequences of natural hazards

A

Contaminated water and food, high temperatures, and loss of shelter

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5
Q

Primary needs after a disaster

A

Food, water, shelter, health care, clothing

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6
Q

Prepares communities for all hazards and manages the federal response and recovery efforts after any natural incident

A

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

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7
Q

Quasi-governmental agency that provides relief to victims of disasters

A

American Red Cross

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8
Q

Unwanted by products of human activities

A

Residues and Wastes

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9
Q

Water that has been used in washing, flushing, etc.; Sewage

A

Waste water

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10
Q

Food waster, paper products, or most things that come out of the kitchen or bathroom

A

Garbage

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11
Q

Lots of things including grass clippings, twigs, hedge clippings, junk or rubbish (anything not from the kitchen or bathroom)

A

Trash

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12
Q

Waste material containing radionuclides

A

Radioactive wastes

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13
Q

Major source of solid waste

A

Agricultural (51%)

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14
Q

3% of solid waste. Paper and paper board, glass, rubber, food wastes, metals, plastics, yard trimmings, and appliances are examples of this.

A

Municipal solid waste (MSW)

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15
Q

Each person produces an average of ____ of MSW/day

A

4.5 lbs.

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16
Q

The primary law governing the disposal of solid and hazardous waste

A

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976

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17
Q

National goals set by the RCRA (1976)

A
  • Protecting human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal
  • Conserving energy
  • Reducing waste generated
  • Ensuring wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner
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18
Q

Types of solid waste management

A
  • Collection and disposal
  • Source reduction
  • Recycling
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19
Q

T/F 80% of waste management money is spent on source reduction

A

FALSE.

80% is spent on collection and disposal

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20
Q

Highly regulated waste disposal sites on land suited for solid waste management

A

Sanitary Landfills

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21
Q

Most common and economical method of waste disposal world wide

A

Sanitary landfills

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22
Q

Liquids created when water mixes with waste and drains from beneath a landfill

A

Leachates

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23
Q

Second most common method of waste disposal. Used when landfills are not available

A

Combustion (Incineration)

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24
Q

Advantages of combustion

A
  • Forms heat, steam, gas, and ash which can be harvested for energy
  • Completely destroys microbes
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25
Q

Benefits of source reduction

A
  • Conserves natural resources
  • Less waste disposal
  • Reduces toxicity of wastes
  • Reduces costs and saves money
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26
Q

Benefits of recycling

A
  • Decreases the need for landfill and incineration
  • Saves energy
  • Decreases emissions of greenhouse gases
  • Conserves natural resources
  • Minimizes risk to the environment
  • Cleaner land, water, and ecology
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27
Q

A solid waste or combination of solid wastes that is dangerous to human health and the environment

A

Hazardous waste

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28
Q

The _____ established a strict system of controlling hazardous wastes from generation to disposal (_________________ regulation)

A

RCRA

Cradle to Grave regulation

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29
Q

Most common means of hazardous waste management (handles 34%)

A

Deep well injection

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30
Q

Similar principles to deep well injection, but restrictions are greater because of danger to health and environment. (handles 7%)

A

Secured landfill and Incineration

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31
Q

Best solution for handling hazardous waste

A

Hazardous waste recycling (source reduction)

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32
Q

Treating hazardous waste with chemicals to render them harmless

A

Chemical methods

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33
Q

Using microorganisms that destroy hazardous substances

A

Bioremediation

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34
Q

Created priority list, makes responsible parties pay, and cleanup program called Superfund

A

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

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35
Q

Big problem with leakage. Concern over contaminated water and build up of gases

A

Underground Storage Tanks

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36
Q

Abandoned industrial sites where cleanup and reuse are difficult

A

Brownfields

37
Q

Contamination of the air that interferes with the comfort, safety, and health of living organisms

A

Air pollution

38
Q

People most susceptible to air pollution

A

Children and elderly

39
Q

Passed by congress in 1963. Amendments in 1970, 1977, and 1990. Sets limits on pollution.

A

Clean Air Act

40
Q

Pollution of greatest concern outlined in the Clean Air Act are called ___________. Examples of these are:

A

Criteria pollutants

  • Particulate matter
  • Ground level ozone
41
Q

Results from emissions of burning fossil fuels that react with water vapor.

A

Acid Rain

42
Q

Caused in part by green house gases that can hold heat. Even small increases in temperature can affect air quality, water, and health.

A

Global warming

43
Q

Examples of green house gases

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

Carbon dioxide

44
Q

Major cause of the destruction of the ozone layer

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

45
Q

Causes ground level smog

A

a.k.a. Photochemical smog

Caused by a combination of NO + VOC + sunlight
Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds

46
Q

___________ has severe monetary penalties if industrial plants release excess pollutants

A

Clean Air Act (1990)

47
Q

Common indoor pollutants

A

Asbestos, biogenic pollutants, combustion bu products, VOC, Radon, environmental tobacco smoke.

48
Q

Air quality creates ill health in building occupants

A

Sick building syndrome

49
Q

T/F There are significant monetary standards set form by the federal government to stop sick building syndrome

A

FALSE.

There are no standards set by the federal government

50
Q

Key component of environmental health

A

Water

51
Q

___% of the planet is covered in water. ___% is fresh water while __% is easily attainable

A

70%
3%
1%

52
Q

Underground soil formation saturated with water and available for human use by pumping

A

Aquifers

53
Q

Any physical or chemical change in the water that can harm living organisms or make it unfit for other uses

A

Water pollution

54
Q

Single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the water

A

Point source pollution

55
Q

All pollution that occurs through the runoff, seepage, or falling of pollutants into the water

A

Nonpoint source pollution

56
Q

2 new pollutants over the past decade that have been detected in our waterways and are raising health concerns

A
  • Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC’s)

- Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCP’s)

57
Q

Other name for EDC’s

A

Xenoestrogens

58
Q

T/F PPCP’s have been detected in water supplies around the world

A

True

59
Q

Regulates water for human consumption

A

State and federal laws

60
Q

Act that deals to control point source pollution of clean water

A

Clean Water Act (1972)

61
Q

Act that regulates drinking water supply

A

Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)

62
Q

Quality of municipal drinking water is regulated by the ___

A

EPA

63
Q

Steps in treatment of water for domestic use

A

1) Coagulation and Flocculation
2) Sedimentation
3) Filtration
4) Disinfection (Cl-, Ozone, UV light)

64
Q

Synonyms for waste water

A

Liquid waste

Sewage

65
Q

Purpose of wastewater treatment

A

To improve quality to be able to release back into the environment

66
Q

What % of pollutants are removed from waste water?

A

85-95%

67
Q

Energy released when atoms split. Large doses are harmful to living organisms

A

Radiation

68
Q

Natural sources of radiation

A
  • Extraterrestrial (sun and outer space)
  • Terrestrial (earths minerals)
  • Internal (inside the body from ingestion)
69
Q

Examples of human made radiation

A

X-rays, nuclear medicine, consumer products, nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons

70
Q

Largest natural source of ionizing radiation

A

Radon

71
Q

Radiation energy with a wavelength shorter than visible light, but longer than X-rays

A

Ultraviolet radiation

72
Q

UV light that causes the most harm to humans

A

UV-B

73
Q

Wavelength of UV-B

A

290-330 nm

74
Q

What type of cancers does UV-B exposure cause?

A

Skin cancers (basal and squamous cell)

75
Q

ABCD’s of skin lesions

A

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter

76
Q

If _____ becomes trapped in a building, it can cause great harm

A

Radon gas

77
Q

There are ____ nuclear power plants in the U.S.

A

103

78
Q

T/F Disposal of nuclear waste is not a problem in the U.S. now that the facility in Nevada is open.

A

FALSE.

Nevada facility is controversial and nuclear waste disposal is a problem in the U.S.

79
Q

T/F Children are must more vulnerable to chemical assaults then adults

A

True

80
Q

Naturally occurring mineral element that is found throughout the environment and used in industrial products

A

Lead

81
Q

Children are at greatest risk of lead exposure via _____________ dust

A

Lead based paint dust

82
Q

Acts helped to regulate the disposal of lead based products

A

RCRA

CERCLA

83
Q

Act that allowed the CDC to provide grants to allow states to screen infant and children for elevated lead levels, ensure referral for medical and environmental intervention, and provide education to parents and children about lead poisoning

A

Lead Contamination Control Act (1988)

84
Q

Any organism that has an adverse effect on human interests

A

Pest

85
Q

Natural or synthetic chemicals that have been developed and manufactured for the purpose of killing pests

A

Pesticides

86
Q

Pesticide poisonings occur most frequently with ______ and _______________

A

Children

Workers who apply pesticides

87
Q

Occur when contaminated food with a disease agent is consumed by a susceptible person

A

Foodborne diseases

88
Q

The occurence of 2 or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food

A

Foodborne disease outbreak (FBDO)

89
Q

Top 5 pathogens of Foodborne illnesses (2011)

A

1) Norovirus (58%)
2) Salmonella, nontyphoidal (11%)
3) Clostridium perfringens (10%)
4) Campylobacter spp. (9%)
5) Staphyloccus aureus (3%)

Public Health (6 decks)

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