Final Exam (Health Promotion and Behavior)

Question 1

The process of improving the health of a population by enabling people to increase control over their health

Answer 1

Health promotion

Question 2

The communication of information intended to improve knowledge about health

Answer 2

Health education

Question 3

Features of health behavior change

Answer 3

• Can be very difficult
• Often takes a long time
• Relapse is common
• Knowledge is usually not sufficient to motivate change
• People generally don’t like to be told what to do
• Motivation to change varies
• Even when people would like to make a change they often don’t now where to start or don’t have any support

Question 4

Unhelpful assumptions/attitudes

Answer 4

• People ought to change
• People want to change
• Health is the primary motivator
• The intervention has failed if the person doesn’t choose change
• People are either motivated to change or not
• Now is the right time to choose to change
• A tough approach is the best approach
• I’m the expert; the person should follow my advice

Question 5

1 motivator in humans

Answer 5

Pleasure

Question 6

A biopsychosocial model to conceptualize the process of intentional behavioral change

Answer 6

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

Question 7

The Transtheorectical model of behavior change is a self-help approach that views successful ___________ as possible, but only with ______________

Answer 7

Lifestyle changes

Considerable planning

Question 8

Stages of the transtheoretical model of behavior change in order

Answer 8

1) Precontemplation
2) Contemplation
3) Preparation
4) Action
5) Maintenance
6) Termination

Question 9

Person may be unaware of need for change of feels he or she can’t change.

Answer 9

Precontemplation

Question 10

Key strategy of Precontemplation

Answer 10

Consciousness raising

Question 11

The person is aware of problem behaviors and is beginning to think about change but not willing to commit effort to change at this time

Answer 11

Contemplation

Question 12

Internal conflict that occurs when people feel their behavior is inconsistent with their intentions or values

Answer 12

Cognitive dissonance

Question 13

Heightened physiological activity and extremes of emotion associated with subject may spur action in contemplation

Answer 13

Emotional arousal

Question 14

Planning to take action within the next month

Answer 14

Preparation

Question 15

3 serious mistakes people make during Preparation

Answer 15

1) Expect miracles and set unrealistic goals
2) Oversimplify the complexities associated with lifestyle changes and view it as a willpower issue
3) View change as temporary goal rather than a lifetime changes

Question 16

Ways to avoid the 3 serious mistakes during preparation

Answer 16

1) Set specific, realistic goals (S.M.A.R.T.)

2) Realize that change is permanent

Question 17

SMART goals

Answer 17

Goals that are:
Specific
Measurable
Attainable 
Relevant 
Timely

Question 18

How do you make a goal measurable?

Answer 18

Establish concrete criteria for measuring progress

Question 19

How do you make a goal attainable?

Answer 19

Make the goal more realistic to help to ensure the patients success

Question 20

How do you make a goal relevant?

Answer 20

Make goals that matter

Question 21

How do you make a goal timely?

Answer 21

A goal should be grounded within a timely frame

Question 22

Overt changes are made in behavior, experiences, or environment

Answer 22

Action

Question 23

Important elements of Action

Answer 23

Rewards and incentives

Question 24

One of the most powerful strategies for Action

Answer 24

Countering

Question 25

T/F Countering and contracting with oneself during the Action stage enables accountability

Answer 25

True

Question 26

The goal is to retain the gains and prevent relapse

Answer 26

Maintenance

Question 27

This is the ultimate goal for lifestyle change. Some argue if it is even possible

Answer 27

Termination

Question 28

A patient centered, directive counseling style that aims to help people explore and resolve their ambivalence about behavior change.

Answer 28

Motivational interviewing

Question 29

A state of mind in which a person has coexisting but conflicting feelings about something. They both want to change and don’t want to change.

Answer 29

Ambivalence

Question 30

Argues that the best intentions can backfire (patients ambivalence)

Answer 30

The Righting Reflex

Question 31

“People are generally better persuaded by the reasons ____________, than by those which have come into the mind of others” - Pascal, 17th century

Answer 31

They have themselves discovered

Question 32

OARS methods to enhance motivation

Answer 32

OARS

• Open ended questions
• Affirm
• Reflective listening
• Summarize

Question 33

Other methods to enhance motivation

Answer 33

Elicit change talk

• Intention to change
• Disadvantages/Advantages of the status quo
• Advantages/Disadvantages of change
• Optimism about capacity to change

Question 34

The process meant to connect what the speaker means and what the listener thinks the speaker means

Answer 34

Reflective Listening

Question 35

Steps of Reflective Listening

Answer 35

• Listen carefully
• Repeating back what was said to correct any inaccuracies or misunderstandings
• Help the receiver and communicator clearly and fully understand the message sent