Final Exam (Injuries, Occupational Health, and Musculoskeletal Conditions) Flashcards
Unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen
Injury
Number of deaths per year because of injuries
> 5 million
Established by the CDC in 1992 as the primary federal organization for violence prevention in the U.S.
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC)
Mission of the NCIPC
Prevent injuries and violence to reduce their consequences
Deliberately inflicted harm. A.k.a. violence
Intentional injuries
Unplanned injuries sustained in fires, falls, poisonings, drowning, and traffic related accidents
Unintentional injuries
T/F Intentional injuries is the leading cause of death among people under 44
FALSE.
Unintentional injuries is the leading cause of death in people under 44
T/F Intentional injuries accounts for 1/3 of all injuries
True
Leading causes of death for people 15 to 34
1) Unintentional injuries
2) Homicide
3) Suicide
T/F Intentional injuries are the most common cause of nonfatal violence (65%)
True
T/F Nonfatal violence includes being struck or crushed by a human, animal, inanimate object, vehicles, and machinery
FALSE.
Nonfatal violence includes being struck by a human, animal, or inanimate object (vehicles and machinery are not considered to be violent acts)
Top 3 causes of unintentional injury fatalities
1) Traffic crashes
2) Poisoning
3) Falls
Alcohol impairment causes __% of all traffic crash deaths
40%
Major risk factor for traffic-crash deaths
Age
T/F New drivers and age impaired older drivers are at greater risk of traffic crash death
True
Age group that has the highest risk of traffic crash deaths
Age 16-19
Risks for traffic crash death
- Being a teen (4x)
- Male
- Having teen passengers
- New license
Injury that primarily happens to older people. Leading cause of injury deaths among older adults
Falls
___ of adults 65 and older fall each year
1/3
Most Americans age 22-65 spend about ______% of their waking hours at _____
40-50%
Work
T/F Taking care of injured workers typically comes with more administrative burden that other forms of insurance because of lots of rules and regulations that get in the way of “patient care”
True
Health care benefits in Worker Comp patients can seem to be more _________ than ___________
Employment driven
Clinically driven
What factors have enabled the number of reported work injuries to decrease over the years?
- Improved health and safety efforts
- Technological advances in the workplace
- A more service-based economy
__% of all injured workers account for ___% of total costs
80%
Costs of all insurance claims for any injury or illness
Direct costs
All the “uninsured” additional costs associated with an injury
Indirect costs
T/F Usually, direct costs > indirect costs
FALSE.
Indirect costs are usually > than Direct costs
Most significant indirect cost
Replacement workers
Most prevalent work related injury
Low back pain
Total direct costs of occupational low back pain injury exceed ________/year
$90 billion
Total indirect costs of occupational low back pain injury is about ______/year
$7-20 billion
Accounts for 30% of work related injuries and illnesses with days away from work
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)
Highest rates and most affected people having MSD
HR = nursing aides, orderlies, attendants, construction workers, freight, stock, and material movers MA = trunk (back AND shoulder)
Leading type of injury and illness of MSD
Sprains and strains
Account for 1/3 of all workplace injuries and they result in the longest absences from work.
Ergonomics-related injuries
1 example of cumulative trauma disorders
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Chiropractic interventions are geared toward improving ___________ and ________, which often facilitates a _________
Function
Good ergonomics
Rapid return to work
T/F Total costs for injured workers managed by DC’s were lower than similar cases managed by other providers
True
Work Comp claims require the diagnosis to be entirely
Work related
Problematic among chiropractors and work comp cases
-Inadequate documentation
-Duration of care
-Practice variations
(all 3 can be different from DC to DC)
Many states allow curative or rehabilitative care until the _______ status or _____________ (whichever comes first)
Pre-injury status
Maximal medical improvement
What qualifies a worker for Disability?
Workers not returning to work within the first 2 months (TQ)
Risk factors for Disability
- Older age
- Female
- Back or neck diagnosis
- Divorced
- Working for a small employer
- High unemployment
Key clinical interventions of chiropractors and work comp patients
- Provide adjustments
- Help the worker develop self reliance
- Encourage normal activities
- Add exercise in the subacute stage (shown to be more effective then just adjustments alone)
Are among the most common health problems encountered by adults in the U.S.
Back and neck pain
Lifetime prevalence of back and neck pain is __%
85%
Most frequent site reported for joint pain
Lower back
T/F Low back pain is the most common ailment treated by DC’s only
FALSE.
It is the most common ailment treated by DCs and MDs
__% of all health care visits deals with low back pain and about ___ of chiropractic patient visits
5%
2/3
Prevention of low back pain is a ______ priority area
HP 2020
T/F Low back pain prevalence decreases with age, pain is more prevalent in males, injury is more prevalent in females, and the most frequent diagnosis in low back pain is osteoporosis
FALSE.
- Low back pain prevalence increases with age
- Pain is more prevalent in females
- Injury is more prevalent in males
- Most frequent diagnosis is disc degeneration
% of hospital visits associated with neck pain. Is neck pain more prevalent in males or females?
1.5%
More prevalent in feamles
Majority of neck pain (81%) occurs in those who are in the _____ age range. Neck pain tends to stabilize between ages _______
Majority = 18-64 Stabilize = 45-64
T/F Chiropractors are not qualified or positioned to help CSD patients
FALSE.
CSD = Chronic Spinal Disorders
Chiropractors are both uniquely qualified and positioned to help CSD patients
How can chiropractors help CSD patients?
Adjustments and Education
How do chiropractors educate CSD patients?
Focus them on preventative efforts that may reduce their likelihood of becoming a chronic spine sufferer
Chiropractic Actions in CSD
- Regular adjustments
- Physical fitness and exercise promotion
- Nutrition/dietary recommendations
- Smoking cessation recommendations
- Ergonomic/postural advice
- Self-care strategies
- Relaxation/stress reduction strategies
