Midterm Exam Flashcards
Who do fungal infections most often occur in?
Immunocompromised people
What are not as easily treated as bacterial infections?
Fungal infections
Affect skin or mucosa
Mucocutaneous
Affect whole body
Systemic
Most common oral fungus
Candida albicans
Ringworm
Tinea
What agent is nystatin?
Antifungal agent
What agents are clotrimazole and fluconazole?
Antifungal agent
-Fungicidal & fungistatic
-Not absorbed from mucous membranes or intact skin; poorly absorbed from GI tract
-Minor and infrequent side effects
Nystatin
-Slowly dissolving sugar-containing lozenge
-OTC cream for topical application to skin or vaginal canal
clotrimazole
-Oropharyngeal and
esophageal candidiasis
-Systemic fungal infections
-Vaginal candidiasis (1 tablet)
-Prophylactically in
immunocompromised
-Non-responsive candidal infections
fluconazole (Diflucan)
-Viruses require cooperation from host cells
-Kill the virus means also harming host cells
Antivirals agents
What are antivirals used in treatment of?
Influenza
Covid
Herpes
HIV/AIDS
Hepatitis
-Treatment of the flu ages 2 and older
-Flu onset less than 2 days prior
-Reduces the duration and severity of clinical
symptoms
Tamiflu (oseltamivir)
-Used to treat covid
-Previously used for treatment of SARS, EBOLA, yellow fever
Remdesivir (Veklury)
Used to treat malaria caused by mosquitos
Hydroxychloroquine
Treatment of herpes virus
Antiviral agents - (VIR)
What do these drugs treat?
-acyclovir
-famciclovir
-valacyclovir
-penciclovir
-ducosanol
Herpes virus
Chronic disease produced by infection with HIV
AIDS
-Used in combinations called “cocktails”
-May be on other meds for treatment of
“opportunistic infections”
Antiretrovirals
-Slow the rate in which HIV replicates
-Cocktails = 3 drugs
-Rapid changes in drug therapy
Highly active antiretroviral therapy HAART
Blocks viral replication in unaffected cell
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-stop HIV from changing its structure
-Resistance develops quickly so have to be combined
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Prevents maturation of HIV infected cells – stops copying
Protease inhibitor
Halt progression of HIV to Aids – stop HIV from entering
Fusion/Entry Inhibitors
prevents HIV from getting to the place where if can copy
– halts spread of virus
Integrase Inhibitors
-Well absorbed orally
-Metabolized by the liver
-Excreted by the kidneys
-distributed to most body tissues
zidovudine
What is the most common HIV drug?
zidovudine
Prevents HIV
Truvada
How long does chronic hepatitis last?
More than 6 months
Short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia
CNS depression and sedation
Storage in adipose tissue prolongs action
Cross the blood-brain and placental barriers
to produce an effect on the CNS and the fetus
Benzodiazepines
What are the Benzodiazepine examples?
diazepam (Valium)
lorazepam (Ativan)
alprazolam (Xanax)
clonazepam (Klonopin)
Most commonly prescribed antianxiety drug
Benzodiazepines
Similar pharmacologic effects
Associated with a high rate of abuse
Associated with complete cardiovascular and
respiratory depression with overdose
Barbiturates
What is a Barbiturate example?
Phenobarbital
➢ Treat epilepsy
➢ Gingival overgrowth
Phenobarbital
➢ Does not have hypnotic, anticonvulsant, or
muscle relaxant properties
➢ Much less CNS depression
➢ Does not affect driving
➢ Anti-anxiety
➢ One week for onset of action
➢ anxioselective
buspirone (BuSpar)
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Used to treat insomnia only
Nonbenzodiazepine
Naturally occurring hormone made by pineal
gland released as the day ends
Levels dramatically decrease at day break
Manufactured synthetically treat insomnia
and jet lag
Melatonin
Exert their effects on the CNS to produce skeletal muscle relaxation – also have sedative effect which dominates
Muscle relaxants
- AKA inotropics - modify the force or speed of
contraction of muscle
Increase the force and strength of contraction
of the myocardium
Allows the heart to do more work without
increasing its oxygen use
Makes the heart a more efficient pump
Cardiacglycosides
What is the most common type of Cardiacglycosides?
digoxin (Lanoxin)
➢ Reduces edema that occurs with Heart Failure
➢ Narrow therapeutic index – slight changes in dose,
absorption, or metabolism can cause toxic effects
➢ Nausea to drowsiness to arrhythmias
➢ Increased salivation
➢ Caution with lower heart rate
digoxin (Lanoxin)
What are the most common types of Antiarrhythmic Agents?
amiodarone (Cordarone)
flecainide (Tambacor)
procan (Procainamide)
β-blockers
calcium channel blockers
Characterized by pain or discomfort in the chest radiating to the left arm and shoulder
Pain can also radiate to neck, back, and lower jaw
Occurs when coronary arteries do not supply
enough oxygen to the myocardium
Precipitated by stress, anxiety, apprehension
Angina Pectoris
Most common cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
What are the big 4 antihypertensive groups?
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Calcium channel blockers
-Increase urinary excretion of sodium and water
-Overtime decrease peripheral vascular resistance
Diuretics
-Water pills
Larger the blood vessels = ?
Higher blood pressure
What are the most common diuretics?
hydroclorothiazide (HCTZ)
furosemide (Lasix)
bumetanide (Bumex)
triameterene/HCTZ (Maxide, Dyazide)
Low potassium
Hypokalemia
Excess uric acid in blood
Hyperuricemia
High cholesterol
Hyperlipidemia
Too much calcium in blood
Hypercalcemia
Relax the blood vessels and protect the kidneys
Hypertension and chronic, stable angina
Good choice for diabetics
end in “pril’s”
ACEIs
What are the most common ACE inhibitors?
lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil)
enalapril (Vasotec)
benazepril (Lotensin)
Relax the blood vessels
Used for treatment of patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors
end in “tans”
ARBs
Angiotensin receptor blockers
What are the most common ARBs?
losartan (Cozaar)
valsartan (Diovan)
Vasodilation – treatment of hypertension
Blocks calcium transport
Treatment of angina pectoris and cardiac arrythmias
Reduce heart rate
Decrease myocardial contractility
“pine’s”
CCBs
Calcium channel blocking agent
What are the most common CCBs?
amlodipine (Norvasc)
nifedipine (Procardia)
What medications are known to cause gingival enlargement?
CCBs - nifedipine
-lower blood pressure
by decreasing cardiac output
Used in the treatment of angina &
hypertension
“olol’s”
B-adrenergic blocking agents
What are the most common B-blockers?
atenolol (Tenormin)
metoprolol (Lopressor)
propranolol (Inderal)
Decrease cardiac output + relax blood vessels
labetalol (Trandate, Normodyne)
carvedilol (Coreg)
a & b-blocking drugs
What is used to treat chronic angina?
ranolazine (Ranexa)
elevations of plasma lipid concentrations above accepted normal values
Hyperlipidemia and hyperlipoproteinemia
What are the most common antihyperlipidemics?
atorvastatin (Lipitor)
lovastatin (Mevacor)
simvastatin (Zocor)
rosuvastatin (Crestor)
pravastatin (Pravachol)
Who might take anihyperlipedemic agents?
Patients with elevated cholesterol levels where diet is not lowering levels
Drugs that interfere with coagulation
Administered in an attempt to prevent clotting
Anticoagulants
What are the most common anticoagulants?
Warfarin
Antithrombolytic
Antiplatelet
Factor Xa Inhibitors
