Exam 2 Flashcards
Functions without conscious effort
Autonomic nervous system
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
BP
Pulse
Respiration
Salivary gland secretion
GI tract motility
What does the PANS system refer to?
Rest and digest
What does SANS refer to?
Fight or flight
Mimic sympathetic system
Parasympathomimetics
What drugs are under the parasympathetic nervous system PNS?
-Cholinergic Drugs
-Anticholinergic Drugs
Mimic the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic drugs
used to increase salivary flow in patients with xerostomia
pilocarpine (salagen)
treat mild, moderate dementia
donepezil (Aricept)
What are the adverse reactions for autonomic drugs?
- SLUD
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
-Cholinergic blocking agents (block the PNS)
-Block acetylcholine action on smooth muscle,
glandular tissue, and the heart
-“Dry you up”
Anticholinergic agents
(Parasympatholytic)
What are the types of Anticholinergic drugs?
-atropine - decrease salivary flow
-Imodium - diarrhea
-scopolamine - motion sickness
-Dramamine - motion sickness
What drugs are associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
-Adrenergic Drugs
-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
effects mimic the sympathetic nervous system
Sympathomimetic
What are Adrenergic Blocking Agents used to treat?
-Cardiac arrhythmia
-Hypertension
-Angina
-Glaucoma
-Myocardial infarction
relax muscles causing vasodilation
Alpha blockers
What are beta blockers used for?
B1 - reduce BP
B2 - bronchoconstriction
What does a drug ending in -alol mean?
Has both alpha & beta blocking actions
means by which body is made urgently aware of the presence of tissue damage
Sensation of pain
protective reflex for self-preservation
Pain
message of pain that is carried
through the nerves to the cortex
Perception
the patient’s emotional response to pain
Reaction
What factors lower your pain threshold?
Anxiety
Sleeplessness
Tiredness
Anger
Fear
Depression
Discomfort
Pain
Isolation
What factors raise your pain threshold?
Sleep
Rest
Diversion
Empathy
What specific medications raise our pain threshold?
Analgesics
Antianxiety agents
Antidepressants
act primarily at peripheral
nerve endings, although their antipyretic effect is mediated centrally
Nonopioid analgesics
act primarily in the central nervous system
Opioids
inhibit prostaglandin
synthesis
Nonopioid analgesics
NSAIDS
affect the response to pain by depressing the CNS
Opioids
What is the chemical name for aspirin?
Acetylsalicylic acid
Who should not take aspirin?
Children under 18
What is the low & high dose of aspirin?
81mg , 325mg
What can prostaglandins do?
-Sensitize pain receptors
-Lower pain threshold
-Cause inflammation and fever
-Affect vascular tone
Absorbed from the stomach and small intestine rapidly
Aspirin
Delays absorption until it passes the stomach and
reaches the small intestine
Coated aspirin
What have zero-order kinetics?
Aspirin
What are the A’s for aspirin?
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-platelet
What is analgesic?
Pain reducer
What is antipyretic?
Fever reducer
What is anti-platelet?
Blood thinner
Swelling in the brain/liver damage
Reye’s syndrome
What is the lethal dose of aspirin for a child?
4gm
What is the lethal dose of aspirin for adults?
10-30gm
What are NSAIDs?
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
-Peak in 1-2 hrs
-Food reduces rate but not extent of absorption
-Metabolized in liver
-Excreted by kidneys
NSAIDs
What are the A’s to NSAIDs?
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Anti-inflammatory
-Rapidly absorbed orally
-Food decreases rate but not extent of absorption
Ibuprofen
-Significantly higher incidences of GI effects
-No real dental use
Celebrex
What are the A’s for acetaminophen (tylenol)?
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Who is tylenol a drug of choice for?
-Children
-Patients on anti-cagulants
-Patients with ulcers
-Post-operative pain after periodontal therapy
What is the toxic dose of tylenol?
12gm
What are the treatments of tylenol toxicity?
Gastric lavage
Activated charcoal
-Associated with long-term consumption of acetaminophen
-Increased risk if used with aspirin or NSAID’s
Nephrotoxictiy
What is the skin reaction to tylenol?
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
What is the adult regular strength dose of tylenol?
325mg
What is the adult extra strength dose of tylenol?
500mg
dried juice from the unripe
seed capsules of the opium poppy
Opium
Block pain receptors in the brain
opioids
How are opioids absorbed?
Orally
Lungs
Nasal
Mucosa
Cough suppresion
Antitussive
What are the pregnancy and nursing considerations for opioids?
-Infant born addict
-Depressed respiration
-Withdrawal symptoms
What is the number one cause of death with opioids?
Respiratory depression
Need for larger amounts to produce the same effect
Tolerance
No longer responds to the stimuli
Habituation
Relying on or being controlled by something
Dependence
What is considered a prototype drug?
Morphine
What account for 40.2% of Rx for patients aged 18-30 years?
Analgesics
the second dental problem
for which drugs are most often prescribed
Dental infections
What is the first reason why drugs are most often prescribed?
Dental pain
What are antiinfective agents prescribed for?
Caries
Periodontal disease
Localized dental infection
Systemic infections
What are the factors that determine the likelihood of a microorganism causing an infection?
Virulence
Inoculum
Immunologic response
Ability of bacteria to produce disease
Virulence
The number of organisms present
Inoculum
the range of activity of a drug
Spectrum
Substances produced by microorganisms that can also destroy microorganisms
Antibacterial agents
Ability to kill
Bactericidal
Surpress the growth of bacterial
Bacteriostatic
The ability of an organism to be unaffected by an antimicrobial drug
Antibiotic resistance
Organism previously sensitive is no longer
Acquired resistance
Organisms has always been resistant
Natural resistance
What is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic in dentistry?
Penicillin
What is the most likely antibiotic to produce an anaphylactic allergic reaction?
Penicillin
What are the drug interactions with antimicrobial agents?
Oral contraceptives
Oral anticoagulants
Other antimicrobials
-Bacteriostatic
-Affective against aerobic microorganisms not anaerobic
-Safe for penicillin allergies
Macrolides
Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic
antibiotics affecting a wide range of gram- positive and gram-negative microorganisms
Tetracyclines
Limited use because rare adverse reaction of pseudomembranous colitis
Clindamycin
An antiinfective bactericidal with trichomonacidal, amebicidal, and bactericidal action; penetrates all bacterial cells
-Antiinflammatory effects
Metronidazole
Used most frequently for non-dental related infections (respiratory tract infections, skin)
ciprofloxacin - Quinolones
What is the drug combination for TB?
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
