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Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of drugs and their
interactions with living cells and systems

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

The study of harmful effect of
drugs on living tissues

A

Toxicology

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3
Q

synthetically derived compounds,
vitamins, minerals, herbs, prescription, OTC, legal, and illegal

A

Drugs

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4
Q

Drug, medicine

A

Pharmaco

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5
Q

Determined by the chemical structure of the compound

A

Chemical name

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6
Q

What drug name is lower case?

A

Generic name

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7
Q

What drug name is upper case?

A

Trade name

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8
Q

Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act - Year?

A

1984

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9
Q

The FDA requires the active ingredient of the generic product to enter the bloodstream at the same rate as of the trade name product - Fact

A
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10
Q

Two formulations of a drug meet the chemical and
physical standards established by regulatory agencies

A

Chemically equivalent

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11
Q

Two formulations of a drug produce similar concentrations of the drug in blood and tissues

A

Biologically equivalent

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12
Q

Two formulations of a drug have an equal therapeutic effect

A

Therapeutically equivalent

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13
Q

What scheduled drugs require a prescription?

A

II-IV/V

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14
Q

What schedule drugs must be written in pen with signatures and NO refills, require new written?

A

Schedule II

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15
Q

drugs may not be refilled more than five times in 6-month period; can be called in

A

Schedule III-IV

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16
Q

To draw attention to safety
concerns associated with the drug

A

Black box warning

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17
Q

What indicates that the FDA has approved the drug for specific use?

A

Labels

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18
Q

What use is use outside the stated FDA indications?

A

Off-label

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19
Q

Drugs developed to treat rare medical conditions

A

Orphan drugs

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20
Q

Where the drug dose is increasing sharply

A

Therapeutic range

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21
Q

Maximum response a drug can exhibit

A

Maximum response

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22
Q

Pharmacological activity of a drug, related to dose; amount of drug necessary to produce an effect

A

Potency

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23
Q

When is a drugs potency greater?

A

When the dose is smaller

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24
Q

Maximum response of a drug, regardless of the dose

A

Efficacy

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25
Q

Administering more of a drug will not increase the efficacy of the drug - Fact

A
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26
Q

Ratio of the median lethal dose to the median effective dose

A

Therapeutic index

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27
Q

dose that causes death in 50% of test animals

A

Lethal dose

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28
Q

dose required to produce the desired clinical effect in 50% of test animals

A

Effective dose

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29
Q

How do you know the safer drug?

A

Greater the therapeutic index

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30
Q

-drugs do not impact a new function of the organism
-Produce same action as endogenous agent
-Block action of endogenous agent

A

Pharmacologic effect

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31
Q

-Desired effect of a drug - predictable
-Must bind with the receptor site on the cell membrane

A

Therapeutic effect

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32
Q

-Unwanted effects of a drug
-Actions on nontarget organs – vomiting with antibiotics

A

Adverse effect

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33
Q

 Has affinity for a receptor
 Combines with the receptor
 Produces an effect

34
Q

Counteracts the action of the agonist

A

Antagonist

35
Q

Drugs with stronger affinity will bind to more what?

36
Q

Drugs with what affinity are more potent?

A

Stronger affinity

37
Q

the study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body, is changed by the body, and leaves the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

38
Q

Transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the blood stream

A

Drug absorption

39
Q

What is the most rapid form of drug injection?

40
Q

When is a drug irretrievable in the body?

A

When taken by an IV

41
Q

-The passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids, and intracellular fluids
-Process by which a drug leaves the blood stream and enters the body systems

A

Drug distribution

42
Q

the body’s way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted

A

Drug metabolism

43
Q

What is also known as drug metabolism?

A

Biotransformation

44
Q

What is the most important site for metabolism?

45
Q

What are the 3 ways a drug can be metabolized?

A

-Active to inactive
-Inactive to active
-Active to active

46
Q

 Impaired liver function
 Hepatic portal circulation
 Drugs and environmental substances

A

Factors that affect drug metabolism

47
Q

 The removal of the drug from the body
 Drug elimination terminates drug effects

A

Drug excretion

48
Q

What organs are used for drug excretion?

A

Kidneys
lungs
saliva
bile
GI tract
sweat
milk

49
Q

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug to fall to one-half of its original blood level

A

Drug half-life

50
Q

How many half-lives does it take for a drug to be considered eliminated from the body?

51
Q

Time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect

A

Onset affects

52
Q

placed directly in the GI tract

53
Q

bypass the GI tract

A

Parenteral

54
Q

drug metabolized when first
passes through the liver

A

First-pass effect

55
Q

Most rapid response, irretrievable

A

Intravenous route of drugs

56
Q

Injected into epidermis - surface level

A

Intradermal

57
Q

Allows increased tolerance to irritating drugs

A

Intramuscular route

58
Q

Injected into spinal space

A

Intrathecal

59
Q

Injected into body cavity

A

Intraperitoneal

60
Q

Most effective in non-keratinized areas

A

Topical route

61
Q

Extension of the pharmacological effect; dose
related; exaggerated response on target tissues

A

Toxic reaction

62
Q

Not part of the desired therapeutic action; dose related; drug acts on non-target tissues to produce undesirable effects

A

Side effect

63
Q

Hypersensitivity response to a drug to which the patient was previously exposed; NOT dose related or predictable

A

Drug allergy

64
Q

Anaphylactic shock within minutes

A

Type 1 drug allergy

65
Q

Swelling in the throat

A

Laryngeal edema

66
Q

Drug reaction occurs within hours to days later

A

Type II cytotoxic drug reaction

67
Q

Drug reaction 2-3 weeks later

68
Q

What type of drug reaction is a serum sickness?

69
Q

Reaction delayed, 2-3 days later

70
Q

What drug reaction is {“bad blood”?

71
Q

A reaction that is neither the drug’s side effect nor an allergic reaction; genetically related

A

Idiosyncratic reaction

72
Q

Clumps of antigen-antibody complexes deposit in the vascular endothelium

A

Type III reaction

73
Q

Reactions are mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes and macrophages; antibodies not responsible

A

Type IV reaction

74
Q

A drug’s effect on the body’s defense mechanisms can result in an adverse reaction

A

Interference with natural defense mechanisms

75
Q

Long term use of corticosteroids can lead to decreased what?

A

resistance to infection

76
Q

Agents that cause congenital malformations and developmental abnormalities if introduced during gestation

A

Teratogenic

77
Q

What are the safest drugs to use during pregnancy?

A

Penicillin
Erythromycin
Acetaminophen
Lidocaine

78
Q

The effect of one drug is altered by another drug

A

Drug interactions

79
Q

Reaction from local tissue irritation

A

Local effect

80
Q

How do you know a drug is safe on the therapeutic index?

A

Number further away from 0

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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