Exam 4 Flashcards
What are the noninfectious respiratory diseases?
Asthma
COPD
Reversible airway obstruction
Associated with reduction in expiratory airflow
Asthma
What is COPD broken into?
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Irreversible airway obstruction
COPD
Result of chronic inflammation of the airways and excessive sputum production
Chronic bronchitis
Characterized by alveolar destruction with airspace enlargement and airway collapse
Emphysema
What is associated with almost all cases of COPD?
Smoking
Medication delivered directly into bronchioles
Bronchodilator effect is greater than comparable oral dose
Inhaled dose can be accurately measured
Rapid and predictable onset of action
Compact, portable, and sterile
Metered-Dose inhalers MDIs
Inhaled long-acting β2-agonists
salmeterol
most effective long term treatment option in all mild, moderate, severe asthma patients
Inhaled corticosterioids
What are the inhaled corticosterioids?
Fluticasone
Triamcinolone
What is the oral corticosterioid?
Prednisone
What’s the side effect that can come from inhalation treatments of COPD and asthma?
Candidiasis
What agents are the nasal decongestants used to manage upper respiratory tract infections?
Pseudoephedrine
Phenylephrine
-Gives immediate response
-When used for normal breathing function – must be accompanied by a steroid
albuterol
Promote removal of exudate or mucus from respiratory passages (coughing)
Expectorants
Decrease the viscosity of mucus
Liquefying expectorants
Destroy or dissolve mucus
Mucolytics
Codeine-containing cough preparations (don’t cough)
Antitussives
What is the antitussive used to manage upper respiratory tract infections?
Dextromethorphan
Inflammation of nasal airways
Allergic Rhinitis
What are used to treat mild allergic reactions in the dental office?
Antihistamines
What is the first generation Antihistamine?
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
What are the second generation antihistamines?
cetirizine (Zyrtec)
desloratadine (Clarinex)
fexofenadine (Allegra)
loratadine (Claritin)
Very effective for moderate to severe allergic rhinitis
Decrease inflammation in airways
Control symptoms of running nose, itching, sneezing, congestion
Intranasal corticosterioids
What are the Intranasal Corticosteroids?
Nasonex, Flonase (fluticasone)
Approved for treatment of seasonal & perennial allergic rhinitis
Less effective than H1-antihistamines and
intranasal corticosteroids
Psychiatric symptoms - suicidal thoughts
Sleep disturbances
Leukotriene Modifiers:
montelukast (Singulair)
Should not be used for more than 3-5 consecutive days to avoid rebound congestion
Intranasal Decongestants
allows your body to use sugar from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use
Insulin
pancreas releases when glucose in the blood falls too low
Glucagon
What maintain homeostasis through feedback mechanisms?
Insulin
Glucagon
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Complete lack of insulin secretion
Increased glucagon secretion
Rapid onset of disease
Ketoacidosis
Severe symptoms
-Younger than 30
Type I diabetes
What are the 3 poly’s to diabetes?
Polyphagia (hunger)
Polydipsia (thirst)
Polyuria (urination)
Obesity
Pancreas secretes enough insulin to prevent ketoacidosis
Does not secrete enough insulin to normalize plasma glucose
Insulin resistance develops
-Older than 40
Type II diabetes
What are symptoms of type I diabetes?
3 P’s
Weight loss
Tiredness
Blurred vision
Fruity breath
What are type II diabetes symptoms?
3 P’s
Overweight
Lifestyle
Wounds won’t heal
- Maintain hemoglobin A1c levels as close to normal as possible (<6)
- Blood glucose levels less than 100
Goal of diabetes therapy
What is the only treatment for type I diabetes?
Insulin
What is the most common adverse reaction with insulin?
Hypoglycemia
What is the oldest antidiabetic agent?
sulfonylureas (hypoglycemic)
What will the second generation antidiabetic agents be?
More potent, less toxic
What may decrease insulin release or increase insulin requirements in an uncontrolled type II diabetic?
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Opioid analgesics
Inhaled short-acting β2-agonists
albuterol
Produced as part of a local immune response to cause inflammation
Histamine
What generation of antihistamines have more dramatic effects, xerostomia, and drowsiness?
First generation
What are the treatments of hypoglycemia in conscious patients?
Fruit juice
Cake icing
Glucose gel
Soluble carbohydrate
What are the treatments of hypoglycemia in unconscious patients?
Intravenous dextrose
What do endocrine glands secrete?
Hormones
Regulatory effect
Secretes peptide and pituitary hormones
Necessary for function of many systems
Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)
Gland secretes two iodine-containing hormones
Act on every tissue and organ system
Important for energy metabolism, growth, and development
Thyroid hormones
What is given for deficiencies?
External synthetic hormones
What does normal function of the thyroid gland require?
50-125mg/day of iodine
What’s the drug treatment of hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid)
What is the autoimmune disorder for hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto’s disease
Diffuse toxic goiter
Graves’ disease
Toxic nodular goiter
Plummer’s disease
excessive levels of circulating
thyroid hormone
thyrotoxicosis
What is the most common treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Radioactive iodine
Thyroidectomy
What drug do patients with hypo/hyper thyroidism end up on?
Synthroid
Largely responsible for changes during puberty
Estrogens
What are the estrogen drugs used for menopause?
Premarin
Estrace
Prepares the uterus for implantation of the
fertilized ovum
Progestins
What reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives?
Antibiotics
What is the androgen male sex hormones?
Testosterone
What are male sex hormone drugs considered?
Schedule III
What medications can treat infertility?
clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene)
leuprolide (Lupron)
What medication can be used with breast cancer?
tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
What medication removes estrogen from the system?
danazol (Danocrine)
What medication is used to treat an enlarged prostate?
tamsulosin (Flomax)
-Designed to treat malignancies
-Treatment of diseases with an inflammatory component
Antineoplastics
What is used to treat:
-Psoriasis
-Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Systemic lupus erythematosus
Antineoplastics
What is de novo resistance?
Always had cell resistance
What classification are the following:
Fosamax
Boniva
Actonel
Aminobisphosphonates
What are used to prevent osteoparosis?
Aminobisphosphonates
(Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel)
What classification is methotrexate?
Antimetabolities
What classification is tamoxifen?
Antiestrogen (breast cancer)
Tissue that turns over rapidly
Bone marrow suppression
What conditions can occur with a lack of white blood cells?
Leukopenia
agranulocytosis
What is osteonecrosis a side effect for?
IV use of bisphosphonates
What is the half-life of bisphosphonates?
1-10 years
What is hepatotoxicity caused from?
Taking methotrexate
What is the number one oral side effect from taking antineoplastic agents?
Mucositis
Treatment of hypothyroidism and goiter
levothyroxine (Synthroid)
What are two medication treatments of type II diabetes?
metformin
glipizide
What is used in birth control pills in combination with progestins?
Estinyl
What medication is used for head and neck cancer?
methotrexate
