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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of GI diseases?

A

GERD
Ulcers

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2
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophogeal reflux disease
“Hearburn”

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3
Q

What are symptoms of GERD?

A

Burping
Cramps
Flatulence
Fullness
Barrett’s Esophagus

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4
Q

Where do ulcers occur?

A

Stomach or small intestine

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5
Q

What cause ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori bacteria
Over use of NSAIDS

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6
Q

How do you treat GI disease?

A

Lifestyle changes
Decrease/eliminate acid in stomach
Constrict cardiac sphincter
Acute relief of symptoms

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7
Q

What are used to decrease/eliminate the acid in stomach?

A

Histamine blockers
Proton pump inhibitors

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8
Q

What are the most common histamine blockers?

A

 cimetidine (Tagamet)
 famotidine (Pepcid)
 ranitidine (Zantac)
 nizatidine (Axid)

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9
Q

Inhibitors of gastric acid production and heal the esophagus

A

Proton pump inhibitors

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10
Q

What are the most common PPI’s?

A

 omeprazole (Prilosec)
 lansoprazole (Prevacid)
 esomeprazole (Nexium)
 pantoprazole (Protonix) Rx

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11
Q

What is PUD?

A

Peptic ulcer disease

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12
Q

What are the anti-infectives used?

A

 tetracycline
 metronidazole (Flagyl)
 Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
 amoxicillin

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13
Q

Partially neutralize hydrochloric acid in stomach – quick relief

A

Antacids

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14
Q

What are common antacids?

A

 Maalox
 Mylanta
 Rolaids
 Tums
 Gaviscon

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15
Q

What increase GI motility?

A

Laxatives

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16
Q

What are the bulk laxatives?

A

Metamucil
Citrucel

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17
Q

What are the stimulant laxatives?

A

Milk of Magnesia
Castor oil

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18
Q

What is the stool softener?

A

Colace

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19
Q

What is the lubricant laxative?

A

Mineral oil

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20
Q

Minimize fluid and electrolyte imbalance

A

Antidiarrheals

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21
Q

What are the most common antidiarrheals?

A

 Kaopectate
 Lomotil
 Imodium

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22
Q

What drugs control severe nausea?

A

 prochlorperazine (Compazine)
 promethazine (Phenergan)

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23
Q

What drug controls nausea and vomiting?

A

Zofran

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24
Q

What drug controls nausea and motion sickness?

A

Dramamine

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25
Q

What GI disease involves the mucosa?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

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26
Q

What GI disease extends through all layers?

A

Crohn’s Disease

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27
Q

What agents are used to treat chronic inflammatory bowel disease IBD?

A

Antiinflammatory’s
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressant’s

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28
Q

Autoimmune disorder in which gluten in wheat damages the microvilli in the small intestines

A

Celiac disease

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29
Q

A group of disorders involving a chronic stereotyped recurrent attack of involuntary behavior or experience or changes in
neurologic function

A

Epilepsy

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30
Q

What are the names for generalized seizures?

A

Tonic-clonic
Absense

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31
Q

➢ Loss of
consciousness
➢ Major movement of
large muscle groups
➢ Aura
➢ Slow recovery

A

Tonic-clonic seizure

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32
Q

➢ Loss of
consciousness
➢ Little movement
➢ No aura
➢ Quick recovery

A

Absense seizure

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33
Q

What are the names for partial seizures?

A

Simple
Complex

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34
Q

 Action only on part of the brain
 Location determines clinical manifestations
 Sometimes have aura

A

Partial seizures

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35
Q

 Continuous tonic-clonic seizures that last
longer than 30 minutes
 Recur before the end of the postictal period of
the previous seizure
 Emergency situation
 Parenteral benzodiazepines

A

Status epilepticus

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36
Q

What is the teratogenic factor associated with epilepsy?

A

Risk-to-benefit

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37
Q

➢ Partial seizures – first choice
➢ Muscle relaxer
➢ Sedative
➢ Antidepressant

A

carbamazepine (Tegretol)

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38
Q

 Effect on sodium and potassium channels
 Treatment of generalized seizures
 Also used for migraine treatment and bipolar
disorder

A

divalproex (Depakote)

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39
Q

 Elderly patients, newly diagnosed partial or
generalized seizures
 Children
 Easily tolerated
 Bipolar disorder maintenance therapy
 Improve depression

A

iamotrigine (Lamicital)

40
Q

 Depresses CNS to decrease seizures
 Can be given in IV in hospital to rapidly
control seizures
 No longer considered drug of first choice

A

phenytoin (Dilantin)

41
Q

 Oldest epilepsy medication still in use
 Barbiturate
 Treat most forms of seizures
 Known for effectiveness and low cost
 Can cause sleepiness/sedation and
changes in behavior

A

Phenobarbitol

42
Q

Treat nerve pain from
shingles

A

gabapentin

43
Q

Used to treat fibromyalgia

A

pregabalin

44
Q

What are psychiatric disorders characterized as?

A

Psychoses
Affective disorder
Neuroses (anxiety)

45
Q

What disorder goes with psychoses?

A

Schizophrenia

46
Q

What disorders go with affective disorders?

A

Bipolar
Unipolar

47
Q

What disorders go with neurosis?

A

Anxiety
Panic
Obssessive-compulsive disorder

48
Q

What are used to treat psychoses?

A

Antipsychotic agents

49
Q

What are used to treat affective disorders?

A

Antidepressants

50
Q

What is used to treat bipolar disorder?

51
Q

What is used to treat anxiety and panic disorders?

A

Benzodiazepines

52
Q

What is used to treat the following?
Schizophrenia
Antiemetic effects
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Intractable hiccups
Certain drug withdrawals

A

Antipsychotic agents

53
Q

 Extensive disturbance of personality function with loss of perception of reality
 Delusions or paranoia
 Hallucinations
 “someone is out to get me”
 Etiology in unknown; familial pattern often seen

A

Schizophrenia

54
Q

What are the first generation antipsychotic agents?

A

 fluphenazine (Prolixin)
 haloperidol (Haldol)

55
Q

Nerves associated with motor activity

A

Extrapyramidal

56
Q

 Action at more then one receptor
 Treat more of the symptoms
 Less side effects

A

Second generation drugs

57
Q

 Dopamine antagonists
 More likely to treat the positive symptoms
 More side effects

A

First generation drugs

58
Q

 aripriprazole (Abilify)
 olanzapine (Zyprexa)
 quetiapine (Seroquel)
 risperidone (Risperdal)
 ziprasidone (Geodon)

A

Second generation antipsychotic agents

59
Q

Low levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine

A

Endogenous depression

60
Q

 Manic-depressive disorder
 Alternate periods of depression and excitation

A

Bipolar depression

61
Q

What is SSRI?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

62
Q

What is SNRI?

A

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

63
Q

 Inhibit the reuptake of
serotonin
 First line of therapy
 Well tolerated
 CNS stimulation
 Gastrointestinal (GI) – weight gain

64
Q

 fluoxetine (Prozac) first member
 citalopram (Celexa)
 escitalopram (Lexapro)
 sertraline (Zoloft)
 paroxetine (Paxil)

65
Q

 venlafaxine (Effexor)
 duloxetine (Cymbalta)

66
Q

 No longer first-line therapy
 Similar action to SNRI’s
 Reserved for moderate to severe depression
 NO epinephrine in local anesthesia

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants

67
Q

 Used as last choice
 Many adverse effects
 Severe toxic reactions
 Many drug and food interactions

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
(MAOIs)

68
Q

 Been on off on the market
 Seizures as side effect
 Reserved for those who are non-responsive to other agents

A

bupropion (Wellbutrin)

69
Q

 Fewer anticholinergic effects
 Less cardiotoxic
 Highly sedative

A

trazodone (Desyrel)

70
Q

 carbamazepine (Tegretol)
 Valproate
 gabapentin (Neurontin)

A

Antieplieptic agents

71
Q

syndrome, group of symptoms that affect cognitive tasks

72
Q

What disease gets worse with time?

A

Alzheimer’s

73
Q

What’s the most common drug used with Alzheimer’s?
(Can only try to slow down disease)

A

donepezil (Aricept)

74
Q

Group of agents secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticosteroids

75
Q

What are the two groups of Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

76
Q

Regulates metabolism and respond to stress

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

77
Q

Regulate salt and water balance; maintain BP

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

78
Q

What is the most likely synthetic Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

79
Q

Essential for the utilization of carbohydrate, fat and protein by the body (metabolism) and for normal response to stress

A

Glucocorticoids

80
Q

Deficiency of adrenocorticosteroids
*Fatigue, nausea, darkening of skin, abdominal pain, low BP and blood sugar levels

A

Addison disease

81
Q

What syndrome comes from excess of adrenocorticosteroids?

A

Cushing syndrome

82
Q

Powerful anti-inflammatory effects and are used to
treat conditions that involve inflammation
*They also decrease the body’s immune response

A

Glucocorticoids

83
Q

What is a naturally occurring Mineralocorticoids?

A

Aldosterone

84
Q

What are the routes of transmission for Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

 Topically
 Orally
 Intramuscularly
 Intravenously

85
Q

What route of transmission rarely gives off systemic effects?

86
Q

Treating symptoms of a condition rather than curing it

A

Palliative

87
Q

What are the metabolic changes of taking Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

 Cushing syndrome appearance
 Hyperglycemia

88
Q

What are patients at a risk for with long term use of Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

Osteoporosis

89
Q

What are the uses of Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

Inflammation/allergy (most common)
Replacement
Emergencies

90
Q

What are the dental uses of Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

Oral lesions
Aphthous stomatitis
TMJ
Oral surgery
Pulp procedures

91
Q

What are the short acting Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

 hydrocortisone (Cortisol)
 prednisone (Deltasone)
 methylprednisolone (Medrol)

92
Q

What are the intermediate acting Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

 triamcinolone
 prednisolone (Omnipred)

93
Q

What are the long acting adrenocorticosteroids?

A

 dexamethasone
 betamethasone

94
Q

What is the prototype Adrenocorticosteroids?

A

Hydrocortisone

95
Q

Synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones (androgens)
*Used to promote the growth of skeletal muscle and the development of male sexual characteristics

A

Anabolic steroids

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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