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General Ecology > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

Other terms for ecology

A

Bioecology
Bionomics
Environmental Biology

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3
Q

Who coined the term ecology?

A

Ernst Haeckel

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4
Q

What does oekologie mean?

A

Relation of the animal to its organic and inorganic environment

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5
Q

Where does the word ecology come from?

A

Greek word oikos, meaning household, home, or place to live

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6
Q

Who first described the interrelationships between organisms and their nonliving environment?

A

Theophrastus

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7
Q

Who called attention to the conflict between expanding populations and food supply?

A

Thomas Malthus

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8
Q

What is Malthusianism?

A

States that population growth will always tend to outrun food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without stern limits on reproduction

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9
Q

They applied mathematical foundations for the study of populations and did experiments on the interactions of organisms

A

Raymond Pearl
Alfred Lotka
Vito Volterra

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10
Q

Who is the father of biogerontology?

A

Raymond Pearl

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11
Q

Who (2) developed the prey-predator model?

A

Alfred Lotka
Vito Volterra

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12
Q

The study of the biological bases of ageing and age-related diseases

A

Biogerontology

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13
Q

Who (2) developed the concept of animal behavior (ethology)?

A

Konrad Lorenz
Nikolaas Tinbergen

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14
Q

When did Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen win a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine?

A

1973

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15
Q

Who conceptualized imprinting?

A

Konrad Lorenz

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16
Q

It is the bond formed between a newborn animal and its caregiver

A

Imprinting

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17
Q

Who studied group selection and the role of social behaviors in population regulation through epideictic displays?

A

Vero Wynne-Edwards

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18
Q

It is natural selection at the level of groups

A

Group Selection

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19
Q

Who introduced the concept of trophic levels and how energy is transferred from producers to consumers?

A

August Thienemann

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20
Q

It is an organism’s number of steps from the start of the food chain

A

Trophic Level

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21
Q

Who developed the food chain and food web concepts, the concept of ecological niches, and pyramids of numbers?

A

Charles Elton

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22
Q

Who (2) measured the energy budget of lakes, developed the idea of primary productivity, and limnology?

A

Edward Birge
Chancey Juday

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23
Q

It is the uptake of energy from the environment versus its use for various purposes

A

Energy Budget

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24
Q

It is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems

A

Limnology

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25
Q

Who developed the trophic-dynamic concept of ecology?

A

Raymond Lindeman

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26
Q

What is Lindeman’s 10% Law?

A

States that only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to another

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27
Q

Who (2) quantified field studies of energy flow through ecosystems?

A

Eugene Odum
Howard Odum

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28
Q

Who is the father of modern ecology?

A

Eugene Odum

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29
Q

Who defined ecology as “any unit that includes all of the organisms in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to exchanges of materials between living and nonliving parts of the system”?

A

Eugene Odum

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30
Q

Who studied the nutrient cycle?

A

J.D. Ovington

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31
Q

It is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living and nonliving components of the ecosystem

A

Nutrient Cycle

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32
Q

Enumerate the (8) ecological hierarchies

A

Individual
Population
Interactions
Community
Ecosystem
Landscape
Region
Biosphere

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33
Q

It is the study of how individuals survive in their environment, especially in extreme conditions

A

Physiological Ecology

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34
Q

It is the study of factors that drive adaptations such as hunting and avoiding enemies

A

Behavioral Ecology

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35
Q

It is the study of environmental factors that drive species adaptations such as camouflage genes to avoid predators

A

Evolutionary Ecology

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36
Q

It is the study of a single species, also known as autecology

A

Population Ecology

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37
Q

It is the study of the evolutionary effects of interactions on population structure or on properties of ecological communities

A

Ecology of Interactions

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38
Q

It is the study of the subsets of organisms and what ecological factors determine how many species are present in an area, also known as synecology

A

Community Ecology

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39
Q

It is the study of large-scale ecological issues such as biomass, energy flow, and nutrient cycling

A

Ecosystem Ecology

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40
Q

It is the study of landscape structures and processes

A

Landscape Ecology

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41
Q

It is the study of factors and prevention of species extinction

A

Conservation Ecology

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42
Q

It is the study of factors and prevention of species extinction

A

Conservation Ecology

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43
Q

It is the study of the biosphere

A

Geographic Ecology

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44
Q

It is an interdisciplinary study of the ecology of the Earth’s atmosphere boundary

A

Aeroecology

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45
Q

It is the study of urban areas as complex, dynamic ecological systems

A

Urban Ecology

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46
Q

What (4) causes the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface?

A

Spherical shape
23.5 degrees tilt on its axis
Latitudes
Seasons

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47
Q

It is a period when the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun

A

Northern Summer

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48
Q

It is a period when the sun is directly overhead the tropic of Cancer

A

Northern Summer Solstice
(June 21)

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49
Q

It is a period when the sun is directly overhead the tropic of Capricorn

A

Northern Winter Solstice
(December 21)

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50
Q

It is a period when the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun

A

Northern Winter

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51
Q

Is it a period when both hemispheres receive equal amounts of solar radiation

A

Equinox

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52
Q

When is the spring equinox?

A

March 21

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53
Q

When is the autumnal equinox?

A

September 22 or 23

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54
Q

What are the 4 prevailing winds?

A

Northeast Trades
Southeast Trades
Westerlies
Polar Easterlies

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55
Q

It is a phenomenon responsible for wind deflection and why prevailing winds do not move in a straight north-south direction

A

Coriolis Effect

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56
Q

It is the study of how organisms in a particular area are influenced by various factors

A

Natural History

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57
Q

It is an approach that seeks to preserve tropical dry forests for its own sake for for human benefits

A

Biocultural Restoration

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58
Q

It is distinguished primarily be its predominant plants and climate

A

Terrestrial Biome

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59
Q

It is one of the most significant aspects of soil structure, observed by digging a 1- to 3-meter soil pit

A

Vertical Layering

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60
Q

It is the topmost, superficial soil layer composed of fresh organic matter

A

O Horizon

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61
Q

It is a soil layer that contains a mixture of mineral materials and organic materials

A

A Horizon

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62
Q

It is a soil layer with a distinct color and banding pattern and occupied by most plant roots

A

B Horizon

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63
Q

It is the deepest soil layer consisting of weathered parent material

A

C Horizon

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64
Q

What are the 5 factors that influence soil structure?

A

Hans Jenny, 1980:
- Climate
- Organisms
- Topography
- Parent Material
- Time

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65
Q

It is a term for geologic material from which soil horizons form

A

Parent Material

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66
Q

Terrestrial Biome

-10 latitude
- Warm and wet year-round
- Average temperature of 25-27C
- Annual rainfall of 2000-4000mm

A

Tropical Rain Forest

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67
Q

Terrestrial Biome

  • Nutrient leaching
  • Rapid decomposition, low organic matter
  • Nutrient-poor and acidic
  • Mycorrhizae
A

Tropical Rain Forest

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68
Q

Terrestrial Biome

  • Trees provide vertical dimension
  • Trees often supported by buttresses
  • Complex relationships between species
A

Tropical Rain Forest

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69
Q

It is a symbiotic relationship of fungi and tree roots

A

Mycorrhizae

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70
Q

Terrestrial Biome

What are the 4 vertical dimensions of trees and their heights?

A

Undergrowth (5m)
Understory (17m)
Canopy (29m)
Emergent Layer (38m)

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71
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- Source of staple foods
- Source of 25% of all prescription drugs
- Fast disappearing

A

Tropical Rain Forest

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72
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 10-25 latitude
- More seasonal
- 6-7 months dry
- 5-6 months rainfall

A

Tropical Dry Forest

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73
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Of great age
- Less acidic but vulnerable to erosion
- Richer in nutrients

A

Tropical Dry Forest

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74
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- Plants strongly influenced by physical factors
- Tree height correlated with precipitation
- Seeds dispersed by wind and animals
- Seasonal migrations of animals

A

Tropical Dry Forest

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75
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- Heavy settling
- Agricultural developments
- Decrease in biodiversity

A

Tropical Dry Forest

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76
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 10-20 latitude
- Alternating dry and wet seasons
- Drought combines with fire
- Rain combines with lightning

A

Tropical Savanna

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77
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Low water permeability
- Water retained near surface
- Waterlogged during wet season

A

Tropical Savanna

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78
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- Occurs mostly near ground level
- Fire-resistant flora
- Wandering animals

A

Tropical Savanna

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79
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- First observations of fire
- Hunting and gathering
- Pastoralism and livestock ranching
- Sahel: A region in Africa devastated by human populations, livestock, and drought

A

Tropical Savanna

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80
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 30 latitude
- 20% of Earth’s landmass
- Evaporation and transpiration exceeds precipitation
- Drought conditions prevail

A

Desert

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81
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Often considered lithosols due to low organic matter
- Islands of fertility under shrubs
- High salt content which increases aridity

A

Desert

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82
Q

Terrestrial Biome

It is a term used for calcium carbonate-rich hardpan horizon

A

Caliche

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83
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- Little to no plants
- Plants have dense hairs for protection
- Small leaves
- Dormant seeds
- Low animal abundance, high diversity

A

Desert

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84
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- Concentrated near oases and river valleys
- Salt accumulation
- Increasing in area

A

Desert

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85
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 30-40 latitude
- Found in all continents but Antarctica
- Cool and moist except in spring
- Hot, dry summer
- Possible mild frost

A

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland

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86
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Another term for MW&S in Western North America

A

Chaparral

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87
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Another term for MW&S in Spain

A

Matorral

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88
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Another term for MW&S in Mediterranean Basin

A

Garrigue

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89
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Another term for MW&S in South Africa

A

Fynbos

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90
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Another term for MW&S in Australia

A

Mallee

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91
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Low to moderate fertility and fragile
- Severe soil erosion
- Stripped due to fires and overgrazing

A

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland

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92
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- Highly diverse with adaptations to drought
- Evergreen trees and shrubs rich in oil
- Symbiotic microbes fix nitrogen from the air
- Fire-resistant plants

A

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland

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93
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- Wheat plantations once every 5-6 years
- Low-intensity cultivation and long-term stability
- Deforestation and intentional fires
- Human habitations

A

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland

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94
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 30-55 latitude
- Largest biome in N. America
- 300-1000mm annual rainfall
- Droughts may last several years
- Cold winters, hot summers

A

Temperate Grasslands

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95
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Another term for temperate grasslands in America

A

Prairie

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96
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Another term for temperate grasslands in Eurasia

A

Steppe

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97
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Wide variety of parent materials
- Deep, basic, fertile, high organic matter

A

Temperate Grasslands

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98
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- Herbaceous vegetation
- Plants limited near rivers and streams
- Roving herbivores

A

Temperate Grasslands

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99
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- Nomadic hunters > nomadic herders > farmers
- Most fertile farmlands on Earth
- Lost 35-40% of organic matter

A

Temperate Grasslands

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100
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 30-55 latitude, but mostly between 40-50 latitude
- Annual rainfall of 50-3000mm
- All seasons present

A

Temperate Forest

101
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Fertile
- Deciduous forests very fertile
- Coniferous forests can grow in poorer soils

A

Temperate Forest

102
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- May be coniferous or deciduous
- Vertically stratified
- Fungi and bacteria the most important consumers

A

Temperate Forest

103
Q

Terrestrial Biome

What are the 4 vertical stratifications in temperate forests?

A
  • Herb Layer
  • Shrub Layer
  • Shade-Tolerant Understory Trees
  • Canopy
104
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- First concentrated along forest margins
- Agricultural developments
- Remaining 1-2% old-growth forests in Western N. America

A

Temperate Forest

105
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 50-65 latitude
- Long winters, short summers
- Annual rainfall of 200-600mm
- Low evaporation, infrequent droughts

A

Boreal Forest

106
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Greek word for north

A

Boreal

107
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Low fertility, thin, acidic
- Slow decomposition and soil building
- Shallow tree roots with mycorrhizae
- Thin topsoil, permafrost subsoil

A

Boreal Forest

108
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- Evergreen conifers
- Willows along rivers and lakes
- Aspen in deciduous, birch in coniferous
- Migratory mammals
- Wolves the major predators
- Epiphytes
- Trees pollinated by wind

A

Boreal Forest

109
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- Ancient cave paintings
- Eurasia: Reindeer hunting turned to domestication
- N. Canada & Alaska: Wild caribou as food
- Light human intrusion

A

Boreal Forest

110
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Geography & Climate
- 66.5 latitude
- Cold and dry
- Long winters, short summers
- Annual rainfall of <200mm to >600mm
- Precipitation exceeds evaporation

A

Tundra

111
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Soil
- Slow decomposition and soil building
- Freezing and thawing of soil
- Solifluction

A

Tundra

112
Q

Terrestrial Biome

It is the downslope movement of soil

A

Solifluction

113
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Biology
- Large native mammals

A

Tundra

114
Q

Terrestrial Biome

Human Influences
- Limited to small groups
- One of the last pristine areas of Earth
- Increase in human intrusion
- Increased oil exploration and extraction
- Radiation fallout

A

Tundra

115
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 3 major oceans?

A

Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean

116
Q

Aquatic Environments

What is the deepest point of the ocean?

A

Challenger Deep
11035 meters

117
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 3 horizontal zones of the ocean?

A

Littoral Zone
Neritic Zone
Oceanic Zone

118
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 5 vertical zones of the ocean?

A

Epipelagic Zone
Mesopelagic Zone
Bathypelagic Zone
Abyssopelagic Zone
Hadalpelagic Zone

119
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 3 zones of the ocean according to light availability?

A

Euphotic Zone
Dysphotic Zone
Aphotic Zone

120
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a term for the temperature profile of the ocean where temperature decreases with depth

A

Thermocline

121
Q

Aquatic Environments

It occurs when warm and cold waters mix through currents, winds, and tides

A

Thermal Stratification

122
Q

Aquatic Environments

It occurs when winds displace surface water, bringing cool water from the deep to the surface

A

Upwelling

123
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a rotating oceanic current

A

Gyre

124
Q

Aquatic Environments

How many phyla and endemic phyla are in the ocean?

A

28 phyla
13 endemic

125
Q

Aquatic Environments

Found in temperate regions in shallow waters

A

Kelp Forests

126
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 4 basic structures of kelp?

A

Blade
Air Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast

127
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 5 structures of a kelp forest

A

Encrusting
Understory
Water Column
Epiphytes
Canopy

128
Q

Aquatic Environments

Grows ideally in less than 10C

A

Kelp Forests

129
Q

Aquatic Environments

Found in tropical regions in shallow waters

A

Coral Gardens

130
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 3 categories of reefs?

A

Charles Darwin:
- Fringing
- Barrier
- Atoll

131
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 3 structural habitats of reefs?

A

Reef Flat Zone
Reef Crest
Buttress Zone

132
Q

Aquatic Environments

Grows ideally in 18C-20C

A

Coral Gardens

133
Q

Aquatic Environments

Crown of Thorns
Coral predators

A

Acanthaster planci

134
Q

Aquatic Environments

Sea urchin
Coral predators

A

Diadema antillarum

135
Q

Aquatic Environments

Algae with relationship with corals, giving it a green color, and an indicator of good health

A

Zooxanthellae

136
Q

Aquatic Environments

This occurs to corals due to high temperature and salinity

A

Coral Bleaching

137
Q

Aquatic Environments

May be exposed, sheltered, rocky, or sandy

A

Marine Shores

138
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 5 vertical zones of marine shores?

A

Splash Zone
Upper Intertidal Zone
Middle Intertidal Zone
Lower Intertidal Zone
Subtidal Zone

139
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a tide that occurs when the sun and moon are aligned in a straight line

A

Spring Tide

140
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a tide that occurs when the sun and moon are aligned perpendicularly

A

Neap Tide

141
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a tide with one low and one high tide per day

A

Diurnal Tide

142
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a tide with two low and two high tides per day

A

Semidiurnal Tide

143
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the organisms found in marine shores zonation of species?

A

Splash Zone: Attached to stones
Intertidal Zone: Anemones, shellfish
Subtidal Zone: Kelp, seaweed, sea grass

144
Q

Aquatic Environments

Transitional environments where rivers or streams meet the ocean

A

Estuaries

145
Q

Aquatic Environments

Transitional environments constantly flood and drained by saltwater

A

Salt Marshes

146
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 7 structures of salt marshes?

A

Tidal Creek
Levee
Low Marsh
High Marsh
Marsh Border
Transitional Communities
Maritime Climax Forest

147
Q

Aquatic Environments

Transitional environments with trees that can tolerate saltwater

A

Mangrove Forests

148
Q

Aquatic Environments

Transitional environments along boundaries of freshwater sources

A

Freshwater Wetlands

149
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is the area where all river networks drain

A

River Basin

150
Q

Aquatic Environments

Is is a high point that separate river basins

A

Watershed

151
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a river/stream structure that transitions to land

A

Riparian Zone

152
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 4 vertical zones of rivers and streams?

A

Water Table
River Channel
Hyporheic Zone
Groundwater

153
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 5 lakes in the Great Lakes?

A

Superior
Michigan
Huron
Erie
Ontario

154
Q

Aquatic Environments

What is the deepest lake in the world?

A

Lake Baikal
1600 meters

155
Q

Aquatic Environments

What is the second deepest lake in the world?

A

Lake Tanganyika
1470 meters

156
Q

Aquatic Environments

It is a term for a concentration of lakes

A

Lake District

157
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 2 horizontal zones of lakes?

A

Littoral Zone
Limnetic Zone

158
Q

Aquatic Environments

What are the 3 vertical zones of lakes?

A

Epilimnion
Metalimnion
Hypolimnion

159
Q

Aquatic Environments

A lake color with high nutrients and primary production, often shallow

A

Deep Green

160
Q

Aquatic Environments

A lake color with acidic water caused by leaching of forest soils

A

Yellow Brown

161
Q

Aquatic Environments

A lake color with low nutrients and bio activities, often deep

A

Blue

162
Q

Aquatic Environments

A young lake with little no landfill, low bio production, and high oxygen

A

Oligotrophic

163
Q

Aquatic Environments

A middle-aged lake with moderate landfill, moderate bio production, and decent oxygen

A

Mesotrophic

164
Q

Aquatic Environments

An old lake with significant landfill, high bio production, and low oxygen

A

Eutrophic

165
Q

Aquatic Environments

It occurs due to bio activity being inversely correlated to oxygen content

A

Eutrophication

166
Q

It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a mass of a substance

A

Temperature

167
Q

It is the kinetic energy in a mass of a substance

A

Heat

168
Q

It is the climatic condition of a large scale area, usually represented by climate diagrams

A

Macroclimate

169
Q

It is the climatic variation on a small scale area

A

Microclimate

170
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect microclimate?

A

Altitude
Aspect
Vegetation
Ground Color
Boulders & Burrows

171
Q

It is the short-term physiological adjustment that is reversible with change in environmental conditions

A

Acclimation

172
Q

An example of organism with a great capacity to acclimate to high temperatures

A

Atriplex lentiformis

173
Q

Organisms that thrive in high temperatures as high as 80C and above; give example

A

Thermophiles
Sulfolobus

174
Q

Organisms that do not regulate their own body temperature but instead rely directly on environmental temperature

A

Poikilotherms

175
Q

Organisms that rely mostly on external sources of energy for temperature regulation

A

Ectotherms

176
Q

Organisms that heavily rely on internally derived metabolic heat energy for temperature regulation

A

Endotherms

177
Q

Organisms that use metabolic energy to maintain a relatively constant body temperature

A

Homeotherms

178
Q

How do desert plants avoid heating?

A
  • Decrease heating by conduction
  • Increase rates of convective cooling
  • Reduce rates of radiative heating
179
Q

A desert plant that has leaf hairs and can cool its leaves to survive in high temperature environments

A

Encelia farinosa

180
Q

How do arctic and alpine plants regulate temperature?

A
  • Increase rates of radiative heating
  • Decrease rates of convective cooling
181
Q

An arctic plant that can increase rates of radiative heating

A

Dryas integrifolia

182
Q

An ectothermic animal that basks in the sun to warm its body or seeks shade to cool down

A

Sceloporus undulatus

183
Q

An ectothermic animal that orients its body perpendicular to the sun’s rays to heat itself up

A

Camnula pellucida

184
Q

It is the range of environmental temperature at which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change

A

Thermal Neutral Zone

185
Q

How much can water absorb heat energy without changing temperature as compared to air?

A

3000 times

186
Q

How much can water cause conductive and convective heat loss in still water and moving water?

A

20 times
100 times

187
Q

These are vascular structures that reduce the rate of heat loss to the surrounding environment

A

Countercurrent Heat Exchangers

188
Q

A flying insect with warming flight muscles

A

Manduca sexta

189
Q

A thermogenic plant that can produce its own internal heat while its flowers enclose around itself to conserve heat

A

Symplocarpus foetidus

190
Q

An animal that stays still and stands as tall as it can to avoid heating up on hot surfaces

A

Neocicindela perhispida campbelli

191
Q

It is a state of low metabolic rate and lowered body temperature

A

Torpor

192
Q

An example of an animal that hibernates

A

Cheirogaleus medius

193
Q

It is the capacity of water to do work

A

Water Potential

194
Q

It is a consequence of water’s tendency to adhere to the walls of containers

A

Matric Forces

195
Q

An animal that digs canals downslope to direct water to itself

A

Lepidochora

196
Q

An animal that stands in a bent position to direct moisture to its mouth

A

Onymacris unguicularis

197
Q

An animal that utilizes metabolic water from the breakdown of food

A

Dipodomys

198
Q

A plant with deep roots for acquiring more water

A

Artemisia frigida

199
Q

A plant with stolon for water acquisition

A

Digitaria adscendens

200
Q

A plant that wilts to conserve water

A

Piper auritum

201
Q

It is a way for sharks and some animals to excrete excess salts

A

Salt Gland

202
Q

What is the composition of shark blood?

A

33% inorganic ions
67% urea and TMAO

203
Q

How do marine bony fish regulate water?

A
  • Drinks ample water
  • Excretes ions through gills
  • Loses water through skin
  • Excretes concentrated urine
204
Q

How do marine bony fish eliminate excess salts?

A
  • Chloride cells that secrete salts directly to the surrounding water
  • Kidneys
205
Q

How do freshwater bony fish regulate water?

A
  • Drinks little water
  • Actively takes up ions through gills
  • Absorbs water through skin
  • Excretes dilute urine
206
Q

How do freshwater bony fish replace salts?

A
  • Chloride cells that absorb salts from the surrounding water
  • Eating
207
Q

These are the raw materials an organism must acquire from the environment to live

A

Nutrients

208
Q

Organisms that utilize carbon dioxide and light to synthesize organic compounds

A

Photosynthetic Autotrophs

209
Q

Organisms that utilize carbon dioxide and inorganic chemicals as their source of energy

A

Chemosynthetic Autotrophs

210
Q

Organisms that utilize organic molecules as their source of carbon and energy

A

Heterotrophs

211
Q

What are the 2 types of sulfur oxidizers living near geothermal vents?

A
  • Free-living
  • Living within invertebrate tissues
212
Q

It is the most common alternative photosynthetic pathway

A

C3

213
Q

What is produced in C3 photosynthesis?

A

Phosphoglyceric Acid

214
Q

It separates carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle in different cells

A

C4

215
Q

What is produced in C4 photosynthesis?

A

Oxaloacetate

216
Q

It is common in succulent plants in arid environments and among epiphytes in forest canopies

A

CAM

217
Q

It separates carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle in different times of the day

A

CAM

218
Q

What are 2 problems in nutrition among herbivores?

A
  • Must compensate for large differences in nutrient content of food and the requirements for growth and metabolism
  • Must overcome physical and chemical defenses of plants
219
Q

What do carnivores do to select their prey according to size?

A

Size-Selective Predation

220
Q

These are the decomposers of the environment

A

Detritivores

221
Q

What are the 3 physical defenses of plants against herbivores?

A

Thorns
Abrasive Silica
Toughened Tissues

222
Q

What are the 2 chemical defenses of plants against herbivores?

A

Toxins
Digestion-reducing substances

223
Q

What are the 6 animal defenses against predators?

A

Camouflage
Anatomical Defenses
Behavioral Defenses
Aposematic Colors
Mullerian Mimicry
Batesian Mimicry

224
Q

An animal that is white and easily spotted by predatory birds

A

Biston betularia typica

225
Q

An animal that is black and blends with dark tree barks, hiding against predatory birds

A

Biston betularia carbonaria

226
Q

It is a form of mimicry among noxious species wherein they copy each other

A

Mullerian Mimicry

227
Q

It is a form of mimicry among harmless species wherein they copy noxious organisms

A

Batesian Mimicry

228
Q

The study of social relations

A

Sociobiology

229
Q

It is the number of offspring or genes contributed by an individual to future generations

A

Fitness

230
Q

It is a concept proposing that an individual’s overall fitness is determined by its relatives’ and its own survival and reproduction

A

Inclusive Fitness

231
Q

Organisms with both male and female functions

A

Hermaphrodites

232
Q

An example of a plant that may possess male, female, or both sex organs

A

Carica papaya

233
Q

These are characteristics not directly involved in the process of reproduction

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

234
Q

It is a process that results from differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in their mating success

A

Sexual Selection

235
Q

Sexual selection wherein individuals of one sex compete among themselves for a mate

A

Intrasexual Selection

236
Q

Sexual selection wherein individuals of one sex choose mates among members of the opposite sex on the basis of some particular trait

A

Intersexual Selection

237
Q

An example of birds that show intersexual selection

A

Paradisaeidae

238
Q

An example of animal that shows intersexual selection based on its ability to provide resources to its mate

A

Panorpa

239
Q

It is a condition where plants cannot self-pollinate

A

Self-Incompatibility

240
Q

It involves exchanges of resources between individuals or various forms of assistance

A

Cooperation

241
Q

This begins with group living and cooperation

A

Sociality

242
Q

It is the evolutionary force favoring helping relatives

A

Kin Selection

243
Q

It is the place from which an organism is raised

A

Natal Territory

244
Q

An example of birds that show philopatry

A

Green woodhoopoes

245
Q

It is the total number of offspring produced over the course of a lifetime

A

Lifetime Reproductive Success

246
Q

It is a highly complex, stratified social behavior

A

Eusociality

247
Q

What are the 3 indications of eusociality?

A
  • Individuals on more than one generation living together
  • Cooperative care of the young
  • Division of individuals into castes
248
Q

2 examples of animals that exhibit castes

A

Atta sexdens
Heterocephalus glaber

249
Q

What are the 4 mangrove species in increasing order of their exposure to brackish water

A

Conocarpus erectus
Avicennia germinans
Laguncularia racemosa
Rhizophora mangle

General Ecology (13 decks)

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