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General Ecology > L4: Adaptations to the Environment > Flashcards

L4: Adaptations to the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a mass of a substance

A

Temperature

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2
Q

The kinetic energy in a mass of a substance

A

Heat

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3
Q

The climatic condition of a large scale of area that is usually represented by climate diagrams

A

Macroclimate

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4
Q

A climatic variation on a scale of a few kilometers, meters, or even centimeters

A

Microclimate

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5
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect microclimates?

A

Altitude
Aspect
Vegetation
Ground Color
Boulders & Burrows

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6
Q

A short-term physiological adjustment that is generally reversible with change in environmental conditions

A

Acclimation

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7
Q

Organisms that thrive in temperatures ranging from -20C to 10C

A

Psychrophiles

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8
Q

Organisms that thrive in temperatures 80C and above

A

Thermophiles

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9
Q

Organisms that do not regulate body temperature but instead varies directly with environmental temperature

A

Poikilotherms

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10
Q

Organisms that rely mostly on external sources of energy for temperature regulation

A

Ectotherms

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11
Q

Organisms that heavily depend on internally derived metabolic heat energy

A

Endotherms

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12
Q

Organisms that use metabolic energy to maintain a relatively constant body temperature

A

Homeotherms

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13
Q

How do desert plants avoid heating?

A

Decrease heating by conduction
Increase rates of convective cooling
Reduce rates of radiative heating

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14
Q

What is the difference between arctic and alpine?

A

Arctic is found at high latitudes
Alpine is found at high altitudes

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15
Q

How do plants in temperate regions regulate temperature?

A

Increase rates of radiative heating
Decrease rates of convective cooling

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16
Q

How does Sceloporus undulatus (eastern fence lizard) regulate its body temperature?

A

Ectotherm
Basking in the sun or seeking shade

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17
Q

How does Camnula pellucida (clear-winged grasshopper) regulate its body temperature?

A

Ectotherm
Orient their body perpendicular to the sun’s rays in the early morning

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18
Q

Refers to the range of environmental temperature at which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change

A

Thermal Neutral Zone
Thermoneutral Zone

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19
Q

The capacity of water to absorb heat energy without changing temperature as compared to air

A

3000x

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20
Q

Conductive and convective heat losses to water as compared to air

A

20x in still water
100x in moving water

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21
Q

What are the 2 major reasons why aquatic birds and animals can be endothermic

A
  • Air breathers
  • Insulated by thick fat or fur
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22
Q

Refers to vascular structures among endothermic aquatic animals that reduce the rate of heat loss to the surrounding aquatic environment

A

Countercurrent Heat Exchangers

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23
Q

Organisms that can produce their own heat

A

Thermogenic

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24
Q

How does Symplocarpus foetidus (eastern skunk cabbage) regulate its temperature?

A

Thermogenic
Producing its own internal heat and its flowers enclose on itself to retain heat

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25
Q

How do organisms survive in environments with extreme temperatures?

A

Inactivity

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26
Q

A state of low metabolic rate and lowered body temperature

A

Torpor

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27
Q

A state of reduced metabolism lasting several months, mainly during winter

A

Hibernation

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28
Q

A state of reduced metabolism lasting several months, mainly during summer

A

Estivation

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29
Q

Influences the movement of water between an organism and its environment

A

Concentration Gradient

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30
Q

Occurs when the internal environment of the organism and its external environment differ in concentrations of water and salts

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

Occurs when water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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32
Q

Produced as water moves down its concentration gradient

A

Osmotic Pressure

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33
Q

The capacity of water to do work

A

Water Potential
Ψ (psi)

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34
Q

A consequence of water’s tendency to adhere to the walls of containers

A

Matric Forces

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35
Q

What are the 2 major environmental challenges organisms faced when moving into the terrestrial environment?

A
  • Massive loss of water through evaporation
  • Reduced access to replacement water
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36
Q

The 3 major sources of water acquisition in land

A
  • Drinking
  • Eating
  • From the air
37
Q

The 2 major causes of water loss in land

A
  • Evaporation
  • Secretions and excretions
38
Q

The 2 major ways plants lose water

A
  • Transpiration
  • Secretions and reproductive structures
39
Q

How does the Lepidochora acquire water?

A

Digs canals to direct water to itself

40
Q

How does Onymacris unguicularis acquire water?

A

Stands in a bent position to direct moisture to its mouth

41
Q

The water released during cellular respiration

A

Metabolic Water

42
Q

How do plants acquire water?

A

Shallow roots
Deep roots
Stolon

43
Q

How do plants conserve water?

A

Waxy cuticle
Wilting

44
Q

How are camels and cacti similar in terms of regulating body temperature?

A

They match the environment’s temperature

45
Q

How are scorpions and cicadas different in terms of behavior?

A

Scorpions are nocturnal
Cicadas are diurnal

46
Q

What solutes make up shark’s blood?

A

33% inorganic ions
67% urea and TMAO

47
Q

How do sharks excrete excess sodium?

A

Salt Gland

48
Q

Differentiate marine bony fish and freshwater bony fish

A

MBF - Hypoosmotic
FBF - Hyperosmotic

49
Q

The raw materials an organism must acquire from the environment to live

A

Nutrients

50
Q

Organisms that use inorganic sources of both carbon and energy

A

Autotrophs

51
Q

Organisms that use carbon dioxide and light to synthesize organic compounds

A

Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Photoautotrophs

52
Q

Organisms that use carbon dioxide and inorganic chemicals to synthesize organic molecules for energy

A

Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
Chemoautotrophs

53
Q

Organisms that use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy

A

Heterotrophs

54
Q

Light that carries insufficient energy for photosynthesis

A

Infrared Light

55
Q

Light that carries too much energy for photosynthesis

A

UV Light

56
Q

Light that carries sufficient energy for photosynthesis

A

Visible Light
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

57
Q

The most common photosynthesis pathway

A

C3

58
Q

What is produced in C3 photosynthesis?

A

Phosphoglyceric Acid (PGA)

59
Q

Photosynthesis that occurs in mesophyll cells and in bundle sheaths

A

C4

60
Q

What is produced in C4 photosynthesis?

A

Oxaloacetate

61
Q

Explain CAM photosynthesis

A

Carbon fixation at night
C3 photosynthesis at day
Occurs in mesophyll cells

62
Q

Bacteria that use carbon dioxide and get their energy by oxidizing sulfur, hydrogen, sulfide, or thiosulfate

A

Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Sulfur Oxidizers most common

63
Q

The 2 types of chemosynthetic bacteria living around geothermal vents

A
  1. Free-living
  2. Living within tissues of invertebrates
64
Q

The 3 major categories of heterotrophs

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Detritivores (decomposers)

65
Q

What elements make up 93-97% of the biomass of living organisms?

A

Phosphorus
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen

66
Q

Give 3 physical defenses of plants against herbivores

A

Thorns
Abrasive Silica
Toughened Tissues

67
Q

Give 2 chemical defenses of plants against herbivores

A

Toxins
Digestion-reducing substances (e.g. tannins)

68
Q

Give 3 defenses of prey against carnivores

A

Camouflage
Anatomical Defenses
Behavioral Defenses

69
Q

The conspicuous, bright colors of many animals to deter predators

A

Aposematic

70
Q

A form of mimicry among noxious organisms

A

Mullerian Mimicry

71
Q

A form of mimicry among harmless organisms in which they mimic noxious organisms

A

Batesian Mimicry

72
Q

The behavior of predators caused by the size of their prey

A

Size-Selective Predation

73
Q

A branch of biology concerned with the study of social relations

A

Sociobiology

74
Q

Defined as the number of offspring or genes contributed by an individual to future generations

A

Fitness

75
Q

Characteristics of males or females not directly involved in the process of reproduction

A

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

76
Q

A process which results from differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in their mating success

A

Sexual Selection

77
Q

A form of sexual selection in which individuals of one sex compete for mates

A

Intrasexual Selection

78
Q

A form of sexual selection in which individuals of one sex consistently choose mates on the basis of some particular trait

A

Intersexual Selection

79
Q

A condition where plants cannot self-pollinate

A

Self-Incompatibility

80
Q

A process that generally involves exchanges of resources or various forms of assistance between individuals

A

Cooperation

81
Q

What signal the beginnings of sociality?

A

Group Living
Cooperation

82
Q

A complex level of social behavior

A

Eusociality

83
Q

The 3 major characteristics of eusociality

A
  1. Individuals of more than one generation living together
  2. Cooperative care of the young
  3. Division of individuals into castes
84
Q

A concept that proposes that an individual’s overall fitness is determined by its own and its relatives’ survival and reproduction

A

Inclusive Fitness

85
Q

The evolutionary force favoring helping relatives

A

Kin Selection

86
Q

The territory in which an animal is raised

A

Natal Territory

87
Q

The tendency of an animal to remain in the same area throughout their lives

A

Philopatry

88
Q

The total number of offspring produced over the course of a lifetime

A

Lifetime Reproductive Success

89
Q

A group of physically distinctive individuals that engage in specialized behavior within a group

A

Castes

General Ecology (13 decks)

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