Interactions Flashcards
Competition that involves direct interaction between individuals
Interference Competition
A condition where there is a limited supply of resources
Resource Limitation
Competition that takes place when members of the same species compete
Intraspecific Competition
Competition that happens between individuals of two species that reduces the fitness of both
Interspecific Competition
Competition involving the use of limited resources
Exploitative Competition
or
Resource Competition
Who studied and what organism was used to study intraspecific competition among plants?
Tilman & Cowan (1989)
Sarghasum nutans
A process among plants where the more biomass of a plant, the fewer the individuals
Self-Thinning
Who studied and what organism was used to study intraspecific competition in animals?
Denno & Roderick (1992)
Prokelsia marginata (planthopper)
Who studied and what organism was used to study interference competition among terrestrial isopods?
Grosholz (1992)
Porcello scaber
States that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Who helped ensure a prominent place for the niche concept in modern ecology?
G.F. Gause (1934)
A niche where an organism faces no competitors
Fundamental Niche
A niche where an organism faces competitors
Realized Niche
Who linked differences in beak size and form among Darwin’s finches to differences in their feeding niches?
David Lack (1947)
Darwin’s finch that eats larger seeds
Geospiza magnirostris
Large Ground Finch
Darwin’s finch that eats medium-sized seeds
Geospiza fortis
Medium Ground Finch
Darwin’s finch that eats small seeds
Geospiza fulginosa
Small Ground Finch
Who studied and what organisms were used to study niche overlap and competition between barnacles?
Joseph Connell
Balanus balanoides
Chthamalus stellanus
The circumstance in which two species differ more from each other in geographic areas where they occur together than where their distributions do not overlap
Character Displacement
Speciation that occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another
Allopatric
Speciation that occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to one another
Sympatric
Interaction that enhances the fitness of one individual while reducing the fitness of another
Exploitative Interaction
Organisms that live on the tissues of their host, often reducing its fitness but not killing it
Parasites
An insect whose larva consumes its host and kills it in the process
Parasitoid
A parasite that changes the behavior of its amphipod host
Acanthocephalans
A plant process where it grows tall quickly
Bolting
A plant pathogen that mimics flowers by producing pseudoflowers and promotes reproduction by the fungus
Puccinia monoica
Who proposed the overpopulation theories which suggested that periods of high population growth are followed by several factors
Lloyd Keith (1963)
Cyclic abundance in response to the number of prey and predators
Numerical Response
Cyclic abundance in response to the differences in kill rate and predation
Functional Response
Situations in which members of an exploited population have some protection from predators and parasites
Refuges
A response resulting in increasing rates of food intake as prey density increases
Predator Functional Response
Occurs when very high prey population densities increase an individual’s likelihood to survive predation and exploitation
Predator Satiation
Behavioral effects of predators on prey populations as a result of prey avoiding high-risk situations
Ecology of Fear
A response that states that functional response is determined only by the abundance of prey
Prey-dependent Functional Response
A response that states that the rate of prey consumption is determined by the ratio of prey numbers to predator numbers
Ratio-dependent Functional Response
Interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners
Mutualism
A mutualistic relationship wherein one benefits while the other is neither benefited or harmed
Commensalism
A mutualistic relationship wherein one can live with or without their mutualistic partner
Facultative Mutualism
A mutualistic relationship wherein one or both are critically dependent on their partner for survival
Obligate Mutualism
Who was the first to correctly recognize that mycorrhizae involve a mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi?
Albert Frank (1885)
Ants with a mutualistic relationship with bullhorn acacias
Pseudomyrmex spp
Mutualists that give and receive measurable benefits to another organism
Successful Mutualists
Mutualists that give benefits to another organism but, for some reason, do not receive any benefit in return
Unsuccessful Mutualists
Mutualists neither giving nor receiving benefits from a mutualistic partner
Nonmutualists
Two common types of mycorrhizae
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Ectomycorrhizae
