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Biology Lab II > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

define a gene

A

a segment of DNA

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2
Q

define alleles

A

different forms of a gene

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3
Q

define homozygous

A

2 alleles are the same

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4
Q

define heterozygous

A

2 alleles are different

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5
Q

define genotype

A

specific alleles on a chromosome

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6
Q

define phenotype

A

physical and behavioral traits produced from genotypes

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7
Q

define genetic drift

A

a change in allele frequencies of a population caused by chance environmental effects

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8
Q

define population bottleneck

A

occurs when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in population

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9
Q

define founder effect

A

occurs when isolated populations are founded by a small number of individual organisms

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10
Q

Does genetic drift have a bigger influence on small or large populations?

A

small populations

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11
Q

define heterozygosity

A

the number of heterozygous alleles in a population

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12
Q

define inbreeding depression

A

negative effect of homozygosity on fitness

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13
Q

What is the extinction vertex?

A

a phenomenon where a small population loses heterozygosity over time, trapping their population where it will slowly become extinct

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14
Q

natural selection is about selecting…

A

for traits that are need for survival and reproduction

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15
Q

define fitness

A

individuals ability to survive and reproduce

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16
Q

define adaptations

A

traits that increase an organisms fitness

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17
Q

what is the end result of natural selection?

A

adaptation of environment via changes in genetic frequency

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18
Q

define autotroph

A

self feeder; creates own food through photosynthesis

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19
Q

define cellulose

A

large polysaccharide molecule of glucose

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20
Q

define angiosperm

A

flowering plant

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21
Q

define tracheid’s

A

tapered specialized cells that conduct water and provide support

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22
Q

define monocotyledon

A

single cotyledon in the seed

parallel veined leaves

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23
Q

define dicotyledon

A

2 cotyledon in the seed

netted leaf vein systems

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24
Q

define cotyledon

A

food storage organ

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25
Q

what are the 3 main activities of a plant?

A
  1. transport of material
  2. seed production
  3. food storage
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26
Q

Primary and secondary cell wall are categorized by?

A

permeability and rigidity

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27
Q

describe parenchyma cells

A

unspecialized

thin primary cell wall and NO secondary cell wall

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28
Q

parenchyma’s function

A

photosynthesis, food storage, aerobic respiration

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29
Q

describe collenchyma cells

A

thick primary cell wall and NO secondary cells wall

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30
Q

collenchyma’s function

A

to support growing parts of a plant

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31
Q

describe sclerenchyma cells

A

supportive cell

rigid secondary cell walls (lignin)

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32
Q

what is the vascular bundle composed of?

A

phloem, cambium, and xylem

33
Q

types of tissues

A

dermal
vascular
ground

34
Q

tissues that compose the dermal system

A

epidermis

cork or bark

35
Q

tissues that compose the vascular system

A

phloem
cambium
xylem

36
Q

tissues that compose the ground system

A

pith

cortex

37
Q

define epidermis

A

single outer layer of cells

38
Q

define cork/bark

A

several layer of empty cell wall “bricks”

39
Q

define cork/bark

A

several layer of empty cell wall “bricks”

40
Q

define cork/bark

A

several layer of empty cell wall “bricks”

41
Q

phloem characteristics

A
  • food solution for the leaves
  • long tubular cells with thin walls
  • located towards the outer side of the vascular system
42
Q

cambium characteristics

A
  • layer of cells between the phloem and xylem
  • ONLY found in dicots
  • produces more phloem, cambium, and xylem
43
Q

xylem characteristics

A
  • carries water and mineral from the soil up to the leaves

- located on the inner portion of the vascular system

44
Q

characteristics of the pith

A
  • central core of tissue in most plants

- usually no longer alive/active

45
Q

cortex characteristics

A
  • cylinder of several tissue types
  • located inside the outer covering of cells
  • stores, food, water, and minerals
  • replaces the protective outer covering
46
Q

define prothallus

A

mass of cells that first grows from a germinated spore

47
Q

define gametophyte

A

plant sex cell

48
Q

define antheridium

A

male sex portion

49
Q

define archegonium

A

female sex portion

50
Q

define sporophyte

A

plant seed

51
Q

What does the male gametophyte in an angiosperm contain?

A

1 pollen tube nucleus

2 sperm nuclei

52
Q

define alternation of generations

A

the observation of a gametophyte as it proceeds to produce haploid gametes that fuse to form a diploid sporophyte

53
Q

define germinating

A

when a seed takes on water and begins to sprout

54
Q

define micropyle

A

a microscopic hole that permits water vapor and air to enter the interior of the seed

55
Q

define radical

A

immature root

56
Q

define plumule

A

miniature leaves

57
Q

define an actinomorphic flower

A

flowers that are radially symmetrical

58
Q

define zygomorphic flowers

A

flowers that can only be but along 1 plane to have equal halves

59
Q

what makes a perfect flower?

A

has both male and female reproductive organs on the same flower

60
Q

root hairs increase

A

the absorptive surface area of the root

61
Q

define lenticels

A

opening in stem to allow for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

62
Q

define node

A

part of a plant where a leaf, branch, or aerial root grows

63
Q

define internode

A

the section of stem between two adjacent nodes

64
Q

location of the terminal bud

A

at the end of the stem

65
Q

axillary bud can develop into

A

a branch shoot or flower cluster

66
Q

bud scale scar are and can be used to…

A

are: left when a bud falls off

used to: track the age of a stem

67
Q

define stomata

A

pores found on the leaves surface

68
Q

define receptacle

A

swollen base of the flower bud attached to the stem

69
Q

define calyx

A

circle of leaf like structures at the base of the flower petals

70
Q

where are the petals located?

A

inside the calyx

71
Q

the pistil is made up of what 3 parts?

A
  1. stigma
  2. style
  3. ovary
72
Q

stigma is a…

A

sticky tip to which pollen will stick to during pollination

73
Q

the style is where

A

pollen will germinate to produce pollen tube

74
Q

ovary is where

A

fertilization will occur

75
Q

the stamen consists of what 2 structures?

A
  1. filament

2. anther

76
Q

the filament is a

A

think stalk

77
Q

the anther is a

A

oval tip that produces pollen grains

78
Q

male and female reproductive structures in angiosperms?

A

male: stamen
female: pistal/carpal

Biology Lab II (12 decks)

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