Final Exam Flashcards
define evolutionary adaptations
results of gradual accumulation of small changes over many generations
what is one environmental factor that organisms on land had to contend with that organisms in water did not
gravity
define bipedal
stand on 2 legs
define quadrupeds
stand on 4 legs
define taxonomy
branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying diverse forms of life
a scientific name is composed of a
genus and species epithet
a taxonomic key is used to
key organisms out to identify them
define symmetry
balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes
dorsal=
back
ventral=
belly
anterior=
toward the head
posterior=
towards the tail
define bilateral symmetry
one plane divides the animal into 2 halves that are mirror images
ex: turtle
define radial symmetry
arrangement of body parts that are arranged symmetrically around a central axis
ex: octopus
define segmentation
arrangement of similar body units that are repeated in a linear order
ex: earthworm
define skeleton
supports and protects soft tissues
define endoskeleton
skeleton inside; tissues outside
ex: mammals
define exoskeleton
skeleton outside; tissues inside
ex: insects
define paired appendages
extensions from main axis of the body that are associated with locomotion function and occur in pairs
define adaptation
any temporary or permanent change that improves an organisms ability to survive
is mimicry a temporary or permanent adaptation
permanent adaptation
are seasonal or daily changes temporary or permanent adaptation
temporary adaptation
define allelopathy
phenomenon where plants produce a compound that either inhibits or interferes with growth of established plants or germination of seeds
examples of plants that exhibit allelopathy
- black walnut
- horseweed
- japanese bromegrass
- jimson weed
- quack grass
- ragweed
- salt cedar
define taxis
a response that an organism innately makes to an outside stimulus
positive taxis…
moves towards the stimulus
negative taxis…
moves away from the stimulus
we tested our worms against
phototaxis and hydrotaxis
define population ecology
the study of how and why populations change
define a population
all members of a single species in the same general area that can interbreed
define ecology
study of interrelationships among all living things in a general area and their nonliving environment
biotic is a
living component
abiotic is a
nonliving component
define population density
the # of individuals in a population
what are the 4 different methods that can be used to find density?
- census
- sample plots
- indirect indicators
- mark-recapture method
define sample plots
sample area that takes large populations/area and makes it countable
define indirect indicators
used to find the population of houses or nests
MOST INACCURATE METHOD
define dispersion patterns
the spatial pattern in which members of a population are dispersed
describe clumped dispersion
population where members live in groups
ex: wolves, humans, elephants
describe the uniform dispersion patterns
population where members maintain a constant distance between individuals
ex: territorial animals
describe random dispersion patterns
individuals do not form social groups
ex: plants
define survivorship
the chance of an individuals in a population surviving to various life stage
type 1 survivorship curve is defined by
late loss and a convex curve
type 2 survivorship curve is defined by
constant loss and linear curve
type 3 survivorship curve is defined by
early loss and concave curve
define the lincoln index
the simplest mark-recapture method
equation of lincoln’s index
N=mc/r
define unlimited environment
unlimited resources and the inheret power of increase can be realized
define actual environment
limited resources and the inherent power of increase can NOT be realized
population growth models are
mathematical models that describe growth of a population according to certain equations
describe the exponential growth models
population size increases by a multiplicative factor
2 phases of the exponential growth
- lag
2. acceleration
lag phase…
occurs during early growth
acceleration phase is where the rate of increase is only limited by…
the organisms ability to survive and reproduce
logistic growth model has..
1 or more environmental resources that eventually limit the growth of a population
4 phases of the logistic growth model
- lag phase
- acceleration phase
- deceleration phase
- equilibrium phase
describe the deceleration phase
the rate of growth progressively declines
describe the equilibrium phase
final phase that is reached when the environment becomes saturated with individuals
what can not be predicted from the discussed models?
fluctuations, oscillations, and crashes
define carrying capacity
the # of individuals an environment can hold without degrading
at 0 population growth the…
birth rate = the death rate
what is biotic potenital?
a consequence of reproductive factors
counteracting biotic potential can be
done by either density independent or density dependent factors
examples of density dependent factors
- predator/prey ratio
- food supply
examples of density independent factors…
- climate change
- available cover
define environmental resistance
the addition of both density dependent and density independent factors
basic growth rate equation is
R= (births-deaths/100) (k-n/k)(n)
define gene pool
the sum total of all the genes possessed by all the breeding individuals in a population
define the gene frequency
the frequency of a given allele in a population
Hardy-Weinberg Theory of Genetic Equilibrium equation describes…
the gene frequency changes in a population
what 5 things must be met to reach equilibrium
- mating is random
- populations are infinitely large
- no gene mutations
- no immigration or emigration
- no natural selection
what are the 2 equations needed for hardy-weinberg?
- p+q=1
2. p^2+2pq+q^2=1
