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Biology Lab II > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

define evolutionary adaptations

A

results of gradual accumulation of small changes over many generations

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2
Q

what is one environmental factor that organisms on land had to contend with that organisms in water did not

A

gravity

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3
Q

define bipedal

A

stand on 2 legs

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4
Q

define quadrupeds

A

stand on 4 legs

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5
Q

define taxonomy

A

branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying diverse forms of life

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6
Q

a scientific name is composed of a

A

genus and species epithet

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7
Q

a taxonomic key is used to

A

key organisms out to identify them

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8
Q

define symmetry

A

balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes

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9
Q

dorsal=

A

back

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10
Q

ventral=

A

belly

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11
Q

anterior=

A

toward the head

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12
Q

posterior=

A

towards the tail

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13
Q

define bilateral symmetry

A

one plane divides the animal into 2 halves that are mirror images

ex: turtle

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14
Q

define radial symmetry

A

arrangement of body parts that are arranged symmetrically around a central axis

ex: octopus

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15
Q

define segmentation

A

arrangement of similar body units that are repeated in a linear order

ex: earthworm

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16
Q

define skeleton

A

supports and protects soft tissues

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17
Q

define endoskeleton

A

skeleton inside; tissues outside

ex: mammals

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18
Q

define exoskeleton

A

skeleton outside; tissues inside

ex: insects

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19
Q

define paired appendages

A

extensions from main axis of the body that are associated with locomotion function and occur in pairs

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20
Q

define adaptation

A

any temporary or permanent change that improves an organisms ability to survive

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21
Q

is mimicry a temporary or permanent adaptation

A

permanent adaptation

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22
Q

are seasonal or daily changes temporary or permanent adaptation

A

temporary adaptation

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23
Q

define allelopathy

A

phenomenon where plants produce a compound that either inhibits or interferes with growth of established plants or germination of seeds

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24
Q

examples of plants that exhibit allelopathy

A
  • black walnut
  • horseweed
  • japanese bromegrass
  • jimson weed
  • quack grass
  • ragweed
  • salt cedar
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25
Q

define taxis

A

a response that an organism innately makes to an outside stimulus

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26
Q

positive taxis…

A

moves towards the stimulus

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27
Q

negative taxis…

A

moves away from the stimulus

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28
Q

we tested our worms against

A

phototaxis and hydrotaxis

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29
Q

define population ecology

A

the study of how and why populations change

30
Q

define a population

A

all members of a single species in the same general area that can interbreed

31
Q

define ecology

A

study of interrelationships among all living things in a general area and their nonliving environment

32
Q

biotic is a

A

living component

33
Q

abiotic is a

A

nonliving component

34
Q

define population density

A

the # of individuals in a population

35
Q

what are the 4 different methods that can be used to find density?

A
  1. census
  2. sample plots
  3. indirect indicators
  4. mark-recapture method
36
Q

define sample plots

A

sample area that takes large populations/area and makes it countable

37
Q

define indirect indicators

A

used to find the population of houses or nests

MOST INACCURATE METHOD

38
Q

define dispersion patterns

A

the spatial pattern in which members of a population are dispersed

39
Q

describe clumped dispersion

A

population where members live in groups

ex: wolves, humans, elephants

40
Q

describe the uniform dispersion patterns

A

population where members maintain a constant distance between individuals

ex: territorial animals

41
Q

describe random dispersion patterns

A

individuals do not form social groups

ex: plants

42
Q

define survivorship

A

the chance of an individuals in a population surviving to various life stage

43
Q

type 1 survivorship curve is defined by

A

late loss and a convex curve

44
Q

type 2 survivorship curve is defined by

A

constant loss and linear curve

45
Q

type 3 survivorship curve is defined by

A

early loss and concave curve

46
Q

define the lincoln index

A

the simplest mark-recapture method

47
Q

equation of lincoln’s index

A

N=mc/r

48
Q

define unlimited environment

A

unlimited resources and the inheret power of increase can be realized

49
Q

define actual environment

A

limited resources and the inherent power of increase can NOT be realized

50
Q

population growth models are

A

mathematical models that describe growth of a population according to certain equations

51
Q

describe the exponential growth models

A

population size increases by a multiplicative factor

52
Q

2 phases of the exponential growth

A
  1. lag

2. acceleration

53
Q

lag phase…

A

occurs during early growth

54
Q

acceleration phase is where the rate of increase is only limited by…

A

the organisms ability to survive and reproduce

55
Q

logistic growth model has..

A

1 or more environmental resources that eventually limit the growth of a population

56
Q

4 phases of the logistic growth model

A
  1. lag phase
  2. acceleration phase
  3. deceleration phase
  4. equilibrium phase
57
Q

describe the deceleration phase

A

the rate of growth progressively declines

58
Q

describe the equilibrium phase

A

final phase that is reached when the environment becomes saturated with individuals

59
Q

what can not be predicted from the discussed models?

A

fluctuations, oscillations, and crashes

60
Q

define carrying capacity

A

the # of individuals an environment can hold without degrading

61
Q

at 0 population growth the…

A

birth rate = the death rate

62
Q

what is biotic potenital?

A

a consequence of reproductive factors

63
Q

counteracting biotic potential can be

A

done by either density independent or density dependent factors

64
Q

examples of density dependent factors

A
  • predator/prey ratio

- food supply

65
Q

examples of density independent factors…

A
  • climate change

- available cover

66
Q

define environmental resistance

A

the addition of both density dependent and density independent factors

67
Q

basic growth rate equation is

A

R= (births-deaths/100) (k-n/k)(n)

68
Q

define gene pool

A

the sum total of all the genes possessed by all the breeding individuals in a population

69
Q

define the gene frequency

A

the frequency of a given allele in a population

70
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Theory of Genetic Equilibrium equation describes…

A

the gene frequency changes in a population

71
Q

what 5 things must be met to reach equilibrium

A
  1. mating is random
  2. populations are infinitely large
  3. no gene mutations
  4. no immigration or emigration
  5. no natural selection
72
Q

what are the 2 equations needed for hardy-weinberg?

A
  1. p+q=1

2. p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Biology Lab II (12 decks)

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