Midterm - early development Flashcards
Temperament?
Differences in individual differences (constitutional) in reactivity and regulation
Reactivity - excitability and
responsiveness
Regulation - control of reactivity
Surgency and whatnot?
Surgency (extra version, more boys)
Negative affectivity (predisposition to fear, frustration, anger ( boys = girls )
Effortful control (regulation of stimulation and response, more girls)
Infant emptionality (latency to respond to emotional stimuli and average and peak intensities of emotional response
Thomas and chess?
Easy, difficult, slow to warm up
Goodness of fit promotes stability, instability, subsequent attachment
Bidirectional effects between parenting and temperament - some mismatches associated with growth and broadening of infant’s set of experiences
Also don’t forget cultural research - Japan’s babies
Differential susceptibility and sensitivity to context?
Some are susceptible to both positive and negative environmental conditions
Better parenting with easy babies
Those most vulnerable to stress may
be most likely to thrive with support
Individual differences in adaptation as function of differences in bio sensitivity to environment
Much research related to dress reactivity
Kids with most had most emotional and social problems
High adaptability to low adversity stress
Multiplying effects over time
Feeding disorders?
Pica - eating non food. Restraint, differential reinforcement, discrimination training, aversive, distraction
75% of 1 year old’s, 15% 2-3
Rumination - repeated regurgitation
Avoidant/restrictive food intake dx - compromise of effective and efficient feeding.
Dev delays, genetics, oral abormalities, or combination
Sometimes loss of positive emotional and social connection btwn
Parents and kid
25-45% of typical kids
Lots of toddlers with solids at first
Temporarily weird about texture
80% of developmentally delayed
Sleep wake disorders?
Insomnia - getting/staying asleep
Disorders of arousal - sleep terrors, nightmare, sleepwalking
Result from individual variations in arousal and attention, plus parent factors
10-30% actual go to and stay asleep. Leads to daytime impairment, irritability, sleep deprivation, impatience, work risk to parents
Half of first three years sleeping, critical for brain Dev, later important for emtotional reg, cog Dev, social
Sleep disorder course,? Etiology, assessment
Usual temporary, especially waking
Sleep resistance more stable
Individual variation in self soothing, and regulation
Difs in neurophysiological systems related to arousal and attention (medulla, pons, cerebellum, cerebrum)
Parental factors - trouble limit setting. Anx and Dep increase likelihood, insensitive or inconsistent caregiving
Cultural factors - co sleeping
Distinction between cause and maintenance
Sleep diaries - rituals, frequency of waking up, habits before sleep, daytime bx
Know hx, health, life changes.’sleep lab monitor and watch
Sleep disorder intervention
Bx therapies
Self soothing (ferberization), cessation of involvement
Dynamic - relationships and parent adjustments
Sometimes drug and herbal
Night terrors and nightmares
Activation of autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes during sleep or sleep wake transitions
Look at loss trauma, life changes, anxiety
Safety transitional objects
If trauma, address
Feeding disorder etiology
Infant temperament
Too sleepy, distressed, excited to eat
Physiological complications
Preemies or underdeveloped/defective GI
Parental mental illness
Post partum, la leche, issues around breastfeeding
Interventions focus on addressing,
Physiological: weight gain, head sparing, failure to thrive
Psychological - psychodynamic approaches to relationships
Environmental - don’t feed when asleep, monitor nutrition
Interventions: structured feed times reinforce hunger, structure mealtimes, social stim with clear reinforcement. Especially relevant with new foods
Disorders of regulation (as per 0-3 dx system)
Hypersensitive regulatory disorder - heightened sensitivity to sight and sound
Difficulty soothing - things that work once don’t always
Sometimes since birth
Sleeping (frequent waking) and feeing (gagging reflex) irregularities pop up
May be fearful and avoidant
Under active regulatory disorder - poor motor tone/coordination, self absorption, lagging skill in organizational processing
Different from autism, positive socially and emotionally with parents
Floppy, may seem easy temperament. Content isolated
Motorically disorganized, impulse regulatory disorder - significant disruptive activity, frequent sensation seeking
Difficult to soothing when aroused
Others attempts to manage bx unpredictable
Not a lot of data on subtypes. Mixed category of regulatory disorder suggests mixed opinions
Regulation disorders course, dx, intervention?
If allowed to persist, later problems
Parent child relationship dysfunctional, tendencies entrenched for later Dev
Ritualized, rigid, automatic
Assessment and dx - interviews with parentsc day care teachers, doctors, and observations
May include rating forms for temp depending on age, plus neuropsychology tests
Intervention - many different ones. Majority significantly improve after 3 sessions
Emphasize sensitive parenting - PCIT, filial play
Occupational therapy - increase infants and toddlers sensory adaptation
Brazelton’s biobehavioral shifts (touchpoints)
Biological growth from infancy onward that signal important inter and intra personal changes
Important changes in infant caregiver interactions
2-3 months transition in to ex utero
Rhythmic routines of feeding,
Dressing, comforting
7-9 months - communicate feelings
And intentions
Gesturing, vocalizations, playing
With toys, daily and night
Routines (mom’s motion)
18-20 months toddler exploration
Walk, talk, independent
