Midterm (Dual credit) Flashcards
What are the 3 torts
- Nonfeasance
- Malfeasance
- Misfeasance
Nonfeasance
Fail to perform legal duty (i.e. fail to refer)
Malfeasance
Performs action that is not his/hers to legally perform (i.e. perform advanced treatment leading to complications)
Misfeasance
Performs an action incorrectly that he/she has the legal right to do.
Types of disease transmission
direct
indirect
direct disease transmission
contact of body surfaces, droplet spread, fecal-oral spread
indirect disease transmission
via inanimate objects (water, food, towels, clothing, utensils), via vectors (insects, birds, animals), airborne transmission
Info in an emergency action plan
- Personnel and roles need to be identified.
- Identify necessary equipment.
- Availability of phones and access to 911.
- Extreme weather plan/fire plan/other emergency plans.
Types of heat transfer
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
Sprain
injury to ligament
Strain
injury to muscle
What is hypertrophy cardiomyopathy?
A condition affecting the left ventricle, the main pumping chamber of the heart. The walls of the left ventricle become thick and stiff. Over time, the heart can’t take in or pump out enough blood during each heartbeat to supply the body’s needs.
Types of bleeding
Arterial
capillary
venous
venous bleeding
dark red with continuous flow
capillary bleeding
exudes from tissue and is reddish
arterial bleeding
flows in spurts and is bright red
Steps when approaching an injury scene
- What safety hazards are in this area?
- Where are the exits located?
- Do I have access to water, first aid supplies, or an AED?
- Call 911
what to do when you see a grizzly bear
carry bear pepper spray, play dead in the fetal position, don’t run.
What to do when you see a black bear
carry bear pepper spray, stand your ground, fight back.
Flash to bang method
- First count the seconds between when you see the lightning and hear the thunder.
- Second divide that number by 5 to get the distance away that the storm is.
steps in bandaging a wound
- Ask wounded person to hold a piece of gauze on their wound
Put your gloves on so you can help them - Keep applying new gauze and pressure until the bleeding stops
- DON’T REMOVE FIRST PIECE OF GAUZE
- Wrap it up with the gauze on
Types of shock
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Anaphylactic
Septic
Neurogenic
Tornado watch v. tornado warning
- Watch: conditions favorable for tornado
- Warning: a tornado is happening
How an earthquake is measured
Richter scale
Ticks and tick borne illnesses
- Typically found in wooded areas
- Diseases: Lyme
- Use tweezers to pinch the tick and wait for tick to back out of the skin, do not pull or it can leave its head in the skin, take the tick with you to the doctor to get checked for diseases.
Which snakes are deadly?
Cottonmouth – yes
Rattlesnake – rarely
Copperhead – rarely
Eastern coral – one of most deadly
Eastern diamondback – most deadly
Mojave – yes
Heat Exhaustion
headache, dizziness, fatigue, profuse sweating, weak & rapid pulse, pale skin, elevated temp (<104°), vomiting, diarrhea, loss of coordination
Heat Stroke
life threatening, sudden collapse, LOC, CNS dysfunction, flushed hot skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, strong & rapid pulse, core temperature of > or = 104°
How to prevent heat illness
- Common sense & precaution
- Hydration
- Gradual acclimatization
- Identify athletes more susceptible
- Dress appropriately
- Watch the weather
Frostbite
- Prolonged exposure causing redness and swelling, as well as tingling pain in toes and fingers
- Due to poor peripheral circulation
Types of fractures
open
closed
open fracture
displacement of fractured ends, breaking through the surrounding tissue
closed fracture
little movement or displacement
How to splint a break
- Splint where the patient lies and avoid moving them.
- Splint one joint above and one below the fracture.
Types of brain injuries
Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Skull fracture
concussion
Epidural hematoma
blow to head or skull fracture which tears meningeal arteries.
Subdural hematoma
result of acceleration/deceleration forces that tear vessels that bridge dura mater and brain.
Skull fracture
caused by blunt trauma, spinal cord fluid may leak from ears and nose.
concussions
mild traumatic brain injuries; head injury causing cognitive impairment; behavioral changes, headaches, dizziness, amnesia, LOC, sleep disturbances.
What to do with cervical spine injuries
- Maintain head and neck alignment
- Spine board
- Keep the person still
Difference in hyponatremia and dehydration
- Hyponatremia – sodium level in the body is too low, caused by overhydration.
- Dehydration – caused by lack of hydration, not drinking enough fluid, losing more fluid than you take in.
Difference in a heart attack and cardiac arrest
- Heart attack – blood flow to part of the heart is blocked; chest discomfort, shortness of breath, discomfort in one arm, cold sweat, nausea, light-headedness.
- Cardiac arrest – abnormal rhythm, blood not being pumped sufficiently to vital organs; suddenly unresponsive, not breathing or only gasping.
types of pathogens
-viruses
-bacteria
-fungi
-protozoa
-worms
-bloodborn
-airborn
Hepatitis B vs C
- Hep B – attacks the liver, spread by blood, vaccine is available.
- Hep C – attacks the liver, spread by blood, no vaccine but is treatable.
- Similar symptoms – jaundice, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, fever, stomach pain, etc.
HIV
retrovirus that attacks the immune system, destroys WBC’s which can lead to other infections such as AIDS.
symptoms of HIV
flu like – fever, sore throat, fatigue.
How is HIV spread?
Not transferred through casual contact; instead, through sex and needle sharing.
Myocarditis
- Inflammation of the heart muscle.
- Inflammation develops in the myocardium (middle layer of heart wall).
Risk factors of the flu
- Age
- Immunocompromised
- Pregnancy
- Medical conditions like:
Lung diseases
Heart diseases
Kidney diseases
Types of shark bites
- “Hit-in-run” – they bite and then leave (most common).
- “Bump-in-bite” – they bump first then come back to bite.
- “Sneak attack” – bite without warning, and multiple times.
Good Samaritan law
- Laws that protect citizens from liability when helping in an emergency situation.
- Kentucky – if you are trained in first aid and CPR as a medical professional or a person with American heart association or the American red cross, and you act in good faith then you cannot be liable for what happens to the person you are helping in an emergency situation.
What is PPE?
- Personal protective equipment
- Gloves, goggles, gown, mask, etc.
Triggers of Asthma
- Allergens
- Stress or anxiety
- Environmental pollutants
- Cold ambient temperatures
- Exercise
Kehr’s sign
top of shoulder - splenic rupture
Types of pneumonia
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Viral pneumonia
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Fungal pneumonia
Triggers of psychiatric emergencies
- Relationship trouble
- Health trouble
- Problems at work
- Legal issues
- Past trauma
Hemophilia
- Genetic or acquired disorder where the body does not have enough blood clotting proteins
- Typically present on the X chromosome
acronym for strokes
- CVA → cerebrovascular accident
- FAST → face, arms, speech, and time
types of strokes
- Ischemic - when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel from contributing oxygen to the brain.
- Hemorrhagic - when a blood vessel carrying blood to the brain ruptures and the blood pressure drops as bleeding increases.
Narcan
Naloxone - a medicine that rapidly reverses an opioid overdose.
What happens in an overdose ?
- Slow/hard/labored or loss of breathing
- Unresponsive to sounds
- Pinpoint pupils
- Choking
- Blue/purple lips or fingertips
- Seizures
- Agitation
- Hallucination
Signs of rhabdomyolysis
- intense muscle aching or swelling
- muscle weakness or stiffness
- feeling generally exhausted
- dark red or brown urine, or very little or no urine
- fever
- nausea and vomiting
Risks of Marfan’s
Damage to the blood vessels, heart, eyes, skin, lungs, and the bones of the hips, spine, feet, and rib cage.
Ehlers-Danlos
Genetic disorder that affects connective tissue primarily in joints, skin, and blood vessels. Caused by a mutation of the COL3Al/A2 and ord AEBP1 genes.(Stretchy skin and overly flexible)
Organ affected with mono
Spleen
symptoms of mono
- Fatigue
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Swollen tonsils
- Headache
- Skin rash
- Swollen spleen
seizure lobe location
- Frontal - affects motor skills, problem solving, memory, and language skills
- Parietal - affects sensation, perception, and sensory communication
- Occipital lobe - affects visual processing
- Temporal lobe - affects hearing, emotion, mood, and memory
types of seizures
- Absence (petit mal)
- Tonic clonic (grand mal)
- Simple focal
- Complex focal
- Secondary generalized
effect of alcohol on the first trimester
organogenesis, CNS damage
effect of alcohol on second and third trimester
delayed growth, neurological defects, social and behavioral issues
complications of fetal alcohol syndrome
- Physical defects
- CNS problems
- Social and behavioral issues
symptoms of ARDS
- Shortness of breath
- Rapid shallow breaths
- Fast heart rate
- Coughing that produces phlegm
- Blue fingernails, skin, lips
- Fever
- Crackling sound in the lungs
what is ARDS
Acute
respiratory
distress
syndrome
mineral for bone growth
calcium
symptoms of anemia
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Pale skin
- Chest pain
- Fast heart rate
- shortness of breath
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Cold hands and feet
- Brittle nails
Anemia that can affect brain function
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Vitamin B12
diabetes events
- Diabetic coma - need insulin - sugar too high
- Insulin shock - need sugar - sugar too low
thyroid disorders
- Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland that causes low hormone levels
- Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland that causes high hormone levels
emergent thyroid conditions
- Thyroid storm - hypermetabolic state induced by excessive release of thyroid hormones
- Myxedema coma - fatal condition resulting from long standing hypothyroidism
cystic fibrosis
chronic , progressive, and frequently fatal genetic disease of the body’s mucus glands that damages the lungs, digestive system, and other organs.
Techniques in treating cystic fibrosis
- Antibiotics
- Anti-inflammatory medicines
- Mucus thinners
- Bronchodilators
- Percussion
- Breathing techniques
- Vibration
- Oscillating devices
causes of myocarditis
- Antibiotics
- Adenovirus
- Autoimmune disorders
- Chemicals
- Drug reaction and toxins
- Flu
location of appendix pain
- Lower right abdomen
- McBurney point
treatment for appendicitis
- Surgery to remove it
- Antibiotics
Emphysema
A progressive lung disease caused by over inflation of the air sacs in the lungs.
treatments for emphysema
Stop smoking
Avoid air pollutants
Respiratory rehab
Oxygen treatments
Medication
sickle cell anemia
-An inherited blood disease that interferes with the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.
- Blood cells form a C shape and are sickled.
complications of sickle cell anemia
- Stroke
- Gallstones
- Organ damage
- Blindness
- Avascular necrosis
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Splenic sequestration
- Priapism
- Pregnancy complications
- Leg ulcers
Difference in hemothorax and pneumothorax
- Hemothorax - BLOOD collects in pleural space
- Pneumothorax - collapsed lung, AIR enters pleural space
types of pneumothorax
types:
- Traumatic
- Non-traumatic
sub types:
- simple: does not affect other structures
- tension: affects the position of other structures
- open: when air moves in and out of open chest wound
signs of mRSA
- Red, swollen, and painful area on the skin
- Pus or other fluids may drain from this area
how is mRSA spread
- In the community
- In healthcare setting
Where necrotizing fasciitis occurs
- in the fascia
- Limbs
- Fingers
- Toes
- Lower extremities are more likely to develop this.
How necrotizing fasciitis spreads
Spreads through the tissue (flesh) surrounding the muscles
treatment for chemical exposure
- Clear lungs (move to a cleared air space)
- Flush eyes
- Clean skin
- Stop the source
breech position
Feet or bottom first
What NOT to do if there is an emergency childbirth
pull on the baby’s head or body
groups at risk for flu types
- Elderly
- Immunocompromised
- Infants
Types of anaphylaxis
- Drugs - penicillin, sulfa drugs, NSAIDS
- Food - milk, eggs, nuts, gluten, soy peanuts
- Pet - cats, dogs, horses
- Other - insects, latex, mold, pollen, perfumes
