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anatomy (davis) > Midterm (Dual credit) > Flashcards

Midterm (Dual credit) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 torts

A
  • Nonfeasance
  • Malfeasance
  • Misfeasance
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2
Q

Nonfeasance

A

Fail to perform legal duty (i.e. fail to refer)

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3
Q

Malfeasance

A

Performs action that is not his/hers to legally perform (i.e. perform advanced treatment leading to complications)

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4
Q

Misfeasance

A

Performs an action incorrectly that he/she has the legal right to do.

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5
Q

Types of disease transmission

A

direct
indirect

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6
Q

direct disease transmission

A

contact of body surfaces, droplet spread, fecal-oral spread

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7
Q

indirect disease transmission

A

via inanimate objects (water, food, towels, clothing, utensils), via vectors (insects, birds, animals), airborne transmission

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8
Q

Info in an emergency action plan

A
  • Personnel and roles need to be identified.
  • Identify necessary equipment.
  • Availability of phones and access to 911.
  • Extreme weather plan/fire plan/other emergency plans.
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9
Q

Types of heat transfer

A
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation
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10
Q

Sprain

A

injury to ligament

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11
Q

Strain

A

injury to muscle

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12
Q

What is hypertrophy cardiomyopathy?

A

A condition affecting the left ventricle, the main pumping chamber of the heart. The walls of the left ventricle become thick and stiff. Over time, the heart can’t take in or pump out enough blood during each heartbeat to supply the body’s needs.

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13
Q

Types of bleeding

A

Arterial
capillary
venous

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14
Q

venous bleeding

A

dark red with continuous flow

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15
Q

capillary bleeding

A

exudes from tissue and is reddish

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16
Q

arterial bleeding

A

flows in spurts and is bright red

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17
Q

Steps when approaching an injury scene

A
  • What safety hazards are in this area?
  • Where are the exits located?
  • Do I have access to water, first aid supplies, or an AED?
  • Call 911
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18
Q

what to do when you see a grizzly bear

A

carry bear pepper spray, play dead in the fetal position, don’t run.

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19
Q

What to do when you see a black bear

A

carry bear pepper spray, stand your ground, fight back.

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20
Q

Flash to bang method

A
  • First count the seconds between when you see the lightning and hear the thunder.
  • Second divide that number by 5 to get the distance away that the storm is.
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21
Q

steps in bandaging a wound

A
  • Ask wounded person to hold a piece of gauze on their wound
    Put your gloves on so you can help them
  • Keep applying new gauze and pressure until the bleeding stops
  • DON’T REMOVE FIRST PIECE OF GAUZE
  • Wrap it up with the gauze on
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22
Q

Types of shock

A

Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Anaphylactic
Septic
Neurogenic

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23
Q

Tornado watch v. tornado warning

A
  • Watch: conditions favorable for tornado
  • Warning: a tornado is happening
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24
Q

How an earthquake is measured

A

Richter scale

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25
Q

Ticks and tick borne illnesses

A
  • Typically found in wooded areas
  • Diseases: Lyme
  • Use tweezers to pinch the tick and wait for tick to back out of the skin, do not pull or it can leave its head in the skin, take the tick with you to the doctor to get checked for diseases.
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26
Q

Which snakes are deadly?

A

Cottonmouth – yes
Rattlesnake – rarely
Copperhead – rarely
Eastern coral – one of most deadly
Eastern diamondback – most deadly
Mojave – yes

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27
Q

Heat Exhaustion

A

headache, dizziness, fatigue, profuse sweating, weak & rapid pulse, pale skin, elevated temp (<104°), vomiting, diarrhea, loss of coordination

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28
Q

Heat Stroke

A

life threatening, sudden collapse, LOC, CNS dysfunction, flushed hot skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, strong & rapid pulse, core temperature of > or = 104°

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29
Q

How to prevent heat illness

A
  • Common sense & precaution
  • Hydration
  • Gradual acclimatization
  • Identify athletes more susceptible
  • Dress appropriately
  • Watch the weather
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30
Q

Frostbite

A
  • Prolonged exposure causing redness and swelling, as well as tingling pain in toes and fingers
  • Due to poor peripheral circulation
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31
Q

Types of fractures

A

open
closed

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32
Q

open fracture

A

displacement of fractured ends, breaking through the surrounding tissue

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33
Q

closed fracture

A

little movement or displacement

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34
Q

How to splint a break

A
  • Splint where the patient lies and avoid moving them.
  • Splint one joint above and one below the fracture.
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35
Q

Types of brain injuries

A

Epidural hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Skull fracture
concussion

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36
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

blow to head or skull fracture which tears meningeal arteries.

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37
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

result of acceleration/deceleration forces that tear vessels that bridge dura mater and brain.

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38
Q

Skull fracture

A

caused by blunt trauma, spinal cord fluid may leak from ears and nose.

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39
Q

concussions

A

mild traumatic brain injuries; head injury causing cognitive impairment; behavioral changes, headaches, dizziness, amnesia, LOC, sleep disturbances.

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40
Q

What to do with cervical spine injuries

A
  • Maintain head and neck alignment
  • Spine board
  • Keep the person still
41
Q

Difference in hyponatremia and dehydration

A
  • Hyponatremia – sodium level in the body is too low, caused by overhydration.
  • Dehydration – caused by lack of hydration, not drinking enough fluid, losing more fluid than you take in.
42
Q

Difference in a heart attack and cardiac arrest

A
  • Heart attack – blood flow to part of the heart is blocked; chest discomfort, shortness of breath, discomfort in one arm, cold sweat, nausea, light-headedness.
  • Cardiac arrest – abnormal rhythm, blood not being pumped sufficiently to vital organs; suddenly unresponsive, not breathing or only gasping.
43
Q

types of pathogens

A

-viruses
-bacteria
-fungi
-protozoa
-worms
-bloodborn
-airborn

44
Q

Hepatitis B vs C

A
  • Hep B – attacks the liver, spread by blood, vaccine is available.
  • Hep C – attacks the liver, spread by blood, no vaccine but is treatable.
  • Similar symptoms – jaundice, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, fever, stomach pain, etc.
45
Q

HIV

A

retrovirus that attacks the immune system, destroys WBC’s which can lead to other infections such as AIDS.

46
Q

symptoms of HIV

A

flu like – fever, sore throat, fatigue.

47
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Not transferred through casual contact; instead, through sex and needle sharing.

48
Q

Myocarditis

A
  • Inflammation of the heart muscle.
  • Inflammation develops in the myocardium (middle layer of heart wall).
49
Q

Risk factors of the flu

A
  • Age
  • Immunocompromised
  • Pregnancy
  • Medical conditions like:
    Lung diseases
    Heart diseases
    Kidney diseases
50
Q

Types of shark bites

A
  • “Hit-in-run” – they bite and then leave (most common).
  • “Bump-in-bite” – they bump first then come back to bite.
  • “Sneak attack” – bite without warning, and multiple times.
51
Q

Good Samaritan law

A
  • Laws that protect citizens from liability when helping in an emergency situation.
  • Kentucky – if you are trained in first aid and CPR as a medical professional or a person with American heart association or the American red cross, and you act in good faith then you cannot be liable for what happens to the person you are helping in an emergency situation.
52
Q

What is PPE?

A
  • Personal protective equipment
  • Gloves, goggles, gown, mask, etc.
53
Q

Triggers of Asthma

A
  • Allergens
  • Stress or anxiety
  • Environmental pollutants
  • Cold ambient temperatures
  • Exercise
54
Q

Kehr’s sign

A

top of shoulder - splenic rupture

55
Q

Types of pneumonia

A
  • Bacterial pneumonia
  • Viral pneumonia
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Fungal pneumonia
56
Q

Triggers of psychiatric emergencies

A
  • Relationship trouble
  • Health trouble
  • Problems at work
  • Legal issues
  • Past trauma
57
Q

Hemophilia

A
  • Genetic or acquired disorder where the body does not have enough blood clotting proteins
  • Typically present on the X chromosome
58
Q

acronym for strokes

A
  • CVA → cerebrovascular accident
  • FAST → face, arms, speech, and time
59
Q

types of strokes

A
  • Ischemic - when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel from contributing oxygen to the brain.
  • Hemorrhagic - when a blood vessel carrying blood to the brain ruptures and the blood pressure drops as bleeding increases.
60
Q

Narcan

A

Naloxone - a medicine that rapidly reverses an opioid overdose.

61
Q

What happens in an overdose ?

A
  • Slow/hard/labored or loss of breathing
  • Unresponsive to sounds
  • Pinpoint pupils
  • Choking
  • Blue/purple lips or fingertips
  • Seizures
  • Agitation
  • Hallucination
62
Q

Signs of rhabdomyolysis

A
  • intense muscle aching or swelling
  • muscle weakness or stiffness
  • feeling generally exhausted
  • dark red or brown urine, or very little or no urine
  • fever
  • nausea and vomiting
63
Q

Risks of Marfan’s

A

Damage to the blood vessels, heart, eyes, skin, lungs, and the bones of the hips, spine, feet, and rib cage.

64
Q

Ehlers-Danlos

A

Genetic disorder that affects connective tissue primarily in joints, skin, and blood vessels. Caused by a mutation of the COL3Al/A2 and ord AEBP1 genes.(Stretchy skin and overly flexible)

65
Q

Organ affected with mono

A

Spleen

66
Q

symptoms of mono

A
  • Fatigue
  • Sore throat
  • Fever
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Swollen tonsils
  • Headache
  • Skin rash
  • Swollen spleen
67
Q

seizure lobe location

A
  • Frontal - affects motor skills, problem solving, memory, and language skills
  • Parietal - affects sensation, perception, and sensory communication
  • Occipital lobe - affects visual processing
  • Temporal lobe - affects hearing, emotion, mood, and memory
68
Q

types of seizures

A
  • Absence (petit mal)
  • Tonic clonic (grand mal)
  • Simple focal
  • Complex focal
  • Secondary generalized
69
Q

effect of alcohol on the first trimester

A

organogenesis, CNS damage

70
Q

effect of alcohol on second and third trimester

A

delayed growth, neurological defects, social and behavioral issues

71
Q

complications of fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • Physical defects
  • CNS problems
  • Social and behavioral issues
72
Q

symptoms of ARDS

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Rapid shallow breaths
  • Fast heart rate
  • Coughing that produces phlegm
  • Blue fingernails, skin, lips
  • Fever
  • Crackling sound in the lungs
73
Q

what is ARDS

A

Acute
respiratory
distress
syndrome

74
Q

mineral for bone growth

A

calcium

75
Q

symptoms of anemia

A
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Pale skin
  • Chest pain
  • Fast heart rate
  • shortness of breath
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Cold hands and feet
  • Brittle nails
76
Q

Anemia that can affect brain function

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Vitamin B12
77
Q

diabetes events

A
  • Diabetic coma - need insulin - sugar too high
  • Insulin shock - need sugar - sugar too low
78
Q

thyroid disorders

A
  • Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland that causes low hormone levels
  • Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland that causes high hormone levels
79
Q

emergent thyroid conditions

A
  • Thyroid storm - hypermetabolic state induced by excessive release of thyroid hormones
  • Myxedema coma - fatal condition resulting from long standing hypothyroidism
80
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

chronic , progressive, and frequently fatal genetic disease of the body’s mucus glands that damages the lungs, digestive system, and other organs.

81
Q

Techniques in treating cystic fibrosis

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Anti-inflammatory medicines
  • Mucus thinners
  • Bronchodilators
  • Percussion
  • Breathing techniques
  • Vibration
  • Oscillating devices
82
Q

causes of myocarditis

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Adenovirus
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Chemicals
  • Drug reaction and toxins
  • Flu
83
Q

location of appendix pain

A
  • Lower right abdomen
  • McBurney point
84
Q

treatment for appendicitis

A
  • Surgery to remove it
  • Antibiotics
85
Q

Emphysema

A

A progressive lung disease caused by over inflation of the air sacs in the lungs.

86
Q

treatments for emphysema

A

Stop smoking
Avoid air pollutants
Respiratory rehab
Oxygen treatments
Medication

87
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

-An inherited blood disease that interferes with the delivery of oxygen to the tissues.
- Blood cells form a C shape and are sickled.

88
Q

complications of sickle cell anemia

A
  • Stroke
  • Gallstones
  • Organ damage
  • Blindness
  • Avascular necrosis
  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Splenic sequestration
  • Priapism
  • Pregnancy complications
  • Leg ulcers
89
Q

Difference in hemothorax and pneumothorax

A
  • Hemothorax - BLOOD collects in pleural space
  • Pneumothorax - collapsed lung, AIR enters pleural space
90
Q

types of pneumothorax

A

types:
- Traumatic
- Non-traumatic
sub types:
- simple: does not affect other structures
- tension: affects the position of other structures
- open: when air moves in and out of open chest wound

91
Q

signs of mRSA

A
  • Red, swollen, and painful area on the skin
  • Pus or other fluids may drain from this area
92
Q

how is mRSA spread

A
  • In the community
  • In healthcare setting
93
Q

Where necrotizing fasciitis occurs

A
  • in the fascia
  • Limbs
  • Fingers
  • Toes
  • Lower extremities are more likely to develop this.
94
Q

How necrotizing fasciitis spreads

A

Spreads through the tissue (flesh) surrounding the muscles

95
Q

treatment for chemical exposure

A
  • Clear lungs (move to a cleared air space)
  • Flush eyes
  • Clean skin
  • Stop the source
96
Q

breech position

A

Feet or bottom first

97
Q

What NOT to do if there is an emergency childbirth

A

pull on the baby’s head or body

98
Q

groups at risk for flu types

A
  • Elderly
  • Immunocompromised
  • Infants
99
Q

Types of anaphylaxis

A
  • Drugs - penicillin, sulfa drugs, NSAIDS
  • Food - milk, eggs, nuts, gluten, soy peanuts
  • Pet - cats, dogs, horses
  • Other - insects, latex, mold, pollen, perfumes

anatomy (davis) (9 decks)

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