MIDTERM CON'T Flashcards
Refers to a systematic, comprehensive examination
of individuals, families, groups, and communities
regarding their health-related cultural beliefs, values,
and practices
CULTURAL ASSESSMENT (CULTUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT)
s the study of cultures and indigenous peoples
customs by examining historical records as well as
other sources of information on their lives and history
ETHNOHISTORY
is a branch of biology that studies heredity and the
variations of inherited characteristics
GENETICS
A specific gene that addresses all genes and their
interrelationship to identify their combined influence
on the growth and development of the organism
GENOMICS
is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of
its genes.
GENOME
is the study of how genes are influenced by forces
such as the environment, obesity, or medication
EPIGENETICS
the study of the role of inherited and acquired genetic
variation in drug response, is an evolving field that
facilitates the identification of biomarkers that can
help health providers optimize drug selection, dose,
and treatment
PHARMACOGENOMICS
refers to a brief statement in the client’s own words
describing why he/she is visiting a health care
provider.
REASON FOR SEEKING CARE
are defined as phenomena experienced by individuals
that signify a departure from normal function,
sensation, or appearance and that might include
physical aberrations
SYMPTOMS
Biocultural variations are found in the body
proportions of individuals, largely because of
differences in bone length.
BODY PROPORTIONS
Derived from the Greek word for penalty, pain is often
associated with punishment in Judeo–Christian
thought.
ASSESSMENT OF PAIN
a direct, one-to-one relationship exists between an
injury and pain, and the pain is frequently short-lived
and self-limiting
ACUTE PAIN
includes such variables as facial expression, mood
and affect, fluency of speech, ability to communicate
ideas, appropriateness of word choice, grooming, and
attire or dress.
BEHAVIOR
An accurate and comprehensive examination of the
skin of clients from culturally diverse backgrounds
requires knowledge of biocultural variations and skill
in recognizing color changes, some of which might be
subtle.
BIOCULTURAL VARIATIONS IN SKIN
is responsible for the various colors and tones of skin
observed in different people
MELANIN
The apocrine and eccrine sweat glands are important
for fluid balance and thermoregulation.
BIOCULTURAL VARIATIONS IN SWEAT GLANDS
are often used as indicators of developmental,
hygienic, and nutritional adequacy, and there are
important biocultural differences.
TEETH
LEININGER’S THREE MODES OF ACTION TO
DELIVER CARE
- CULTURE CARE PRESERVATION OR
MAINTENANCE - CULTURE CARE ACCOMODATION OR
NEGOTIATION - CULTURE CARE RECONSTRUCTURING OR
REPATTERNING
refers to those professional actions and decisions that
help people of a particular culture to retain and/or
preserve relevant care values so that they can
maintain their well-being, recover from illness, or face
CULTURAL CARE PRESERVATION OR MAINTENANCE
develop from the shared experiences of a social
group and are expressed symbolically.
CULTURAL BELIEF SYSTEMS
One of the most common expressions of symbolism.
● One aspect of life is connected to another through a
shared symbol.
METAPHOR
The set of metaphoric explanations used by a group
of people to explain life’s events and offer solutions to
life’s mysteries can be viewed as the group’s
worldview or major paradigm
WORLDVIEW/PARADIGM
theories of health and disease or illness causation
are based on a group’s prevailing worldview. These worldviews
include a group’s health-related attitudes, beliefs, and
practices,
frequently referred to as Health Belief Systems.
Health Belief Systems.
- MAGICO-RELIGIOUS
- SCIENTIFIC
- HOLISTIC
In this paradigm, the world is an arena dominated by
supernatural forces.
● The fate of the world and those in it, including
humans, depends on the actions of God, the gods, or
other supernatural forces for good or evil
MAGICO-RELIGIOUS
FIVE CATEGORIES OF EVENTS THAT ARE BELIEVED TO
BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ILLNESS:
- Sorcery
- Breach of Taboo
- Intrusion of a Disease Object
- Intrusion of a Disease-Causing Spirit
- Loss of Souls
life is controlled by a series
of physical and biochemical processes that can be
studied and manipulated by humans
SCIENTIFIC OR BIOMEDICAL HEALTH
PARADIGM
which states that a cause-and effect relationship
exists for all natural phenomena.
DETERMINATION
assumes that it is possible to control life processes
through mechanical, genetic, and other engineered
interventions
MECHANISM
according to which all life can be reduced or divided
into smaller parts; study of the unique characteristics
of these isolated parts is thought to reveal aspects or
properties of the whole,
REDUCTIONISM
● which states that what is real can be observed and
measured
OBJECTIVE MATERIALISM
When the scientific paradigm is applied to matters of
health.
● All aspects of human health can be understood
through the natural sciences, biology, chemistry,
physics, and mathematics.
BIOMEDICAL MODEL
In this paradigm, the forces of nature itself must be
kept in natural balance or harmony.
● Human life is only one aspect of nature and a part of
the general order of the cosmos
HOLISTIC HEALTH PARADIGM
is any activity undertaken by a person who believes
himself or herself to be healthy for the purpose of
preventing disease or detecting disease in an
asymptomatic stage.
HEALTH BEHAVIOR
is any activity undertaken by a person who feels ill to
define the state of his or her health and discover a
suitable remedy.
ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
s any activity undertaken by a person who considers
himself ill to get well or to deal with the illness.
SICK ROLE BEHAVIOR
Three sets of factors influence the course of behaviors and
practices carried out to maintain health and prevent disease:
(1) one’s beliefs about health and illness;
(2) personal factors such as age, education,
knowledge, or experience with a given
disease condition; and
(3) cues to action, such as advertisements in the
media, the illness of a relative, or the advice
of friends.
refers to the accumulated sciences, arts, and
techniques of restoring and preserving health that are
used by any cultural group.
HEALING SYSTEM
The use of over-the-counter medications, or
nonprescription medications, is a common form of
self-care.
It is also referred to as scientific or biomedical
systems, are formally taught, learned, and transmitted
professional care, health, illness, wellness, and
related knowledge and practice skills that prevail in
professional institutions, usually with multidisciplinary
personnel to serve consumers.
. PROFESSIONAL CARE SYSTEMS
It is a set of beliefs that has a shared social dimension
and reflects what people actually do when they are ill
versus what society says they ought to do according
to a set of social standards
FOLK HEALING SYSTEMS
It is an umbrella term for hundreds of therapies based
on health care systems of people from around the
world.
COMPLEMENTARY, INTEGRATIVE, AND ALTERNATIVE HEALTH
SYSTEM
is defined as a comprehensive, often interdisciplinary
approach to treatment, prevention, and health
promotion that brings together complementary and
conventional therapies.
Integrative health care
The National Institutes of Health categorizes complementary
and integrative health approaches as
follows:
- Alternative medical systems
- Natural Products
- Mind and Body Practices
- Manipulative and Body-Based Methods
- Energy Therapies
are built on complete systems of theory and practice.
ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
include herbs (also known as botanicals), vitamins,
minerals, and probiotics. They are often marketed to
the public as dietary supplements.
NATURAL PRODUCTS
include a diverse group of techniques administered by
a trained practitioner or teacher that are designed to
enhance the mind’s capacity to affect bodily functions
and symptoms.
MIND AND BODY PRACTICES
are based on manipulation and/or movement of one
or more parts of the body. Some examples include
chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation and massage
therapy.
MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED METHODS
Biofield therapies are intended to affect energy fields
that surround and penetrate the human body.
Examples include qigong, Reiki, and Therapeutic
Touch.
ENERGY THERAPIES INVOLVE THE USE OF ENERGY FIELDS IN
TWO WAYS:
refers to a family of procedures involving stimulation
of anatomical points on the body by a variety of
techniques
ACUPUNCTURE
involves the use of essential oils (extracts or
essences) from flowers, herbs, and trees to promote
health and well-being.
AROMATHERAPY
includes diet and herbal remedies and emphasizes
the use of body, mind, and spirit in disease prevention
and treatment.
AYURVEDA
focuses on the relationship between bodily structure
(primarily that of the spine) and function, and how that
relationship affects the preservation and restoration of
health.
CHIROPRACTIC
refers to a wide variety of techniques, including
simple visualization and direct suggestion using
imagery, metaphor and story-telling, fantasy
GUIDED IMAGERY
is an alternative medical system
HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE
is a form of conventional medicine that, in part,
emphasizes diseases arising in the musculoskeletal
system.
OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINEv
is a component of traditional Chinese medicine that
combines movement, meditation, and regulation of
breathing to enhance the flow of qi
QIGONG (“CHEE-GUNG”)
is a Japanese word representing Universal Life
Energy
REIKI (“RAY-KEE”)
is based on the premise that the healing force of the
therapist affects the patient’s recovery; healing is
promoted when the body’s energies are in balance.
By passing their hands over the patient, healers can
identify energy imbalances.
THERAPEUTIC TOUCH
is the current name for an ancient system of health
care from China.
TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE (TCM)
is a term derived from a Sanskrit word meaning yoke
or union.
YOGA
