midterm ch. 6 Flashcards
A learning disorder that involves significant impairment of reading accuracy, speed, or comprehension to the extent that it interferes with academic achievement or daily activities
reading difficulties
Significant disparity between a person’s general intelligence and his or her reading skills
reading difficulties
Reading difficulties, often referred to as ??? or specific learning disorders in reading, encompass a range of challenges that significantly impact an individual’s ability to read accurately, fluently, or comprehend text to the extent that it hampers their academic achievement or daily functioning.
dyslexia
The origins of reading difficulties, or dyslexia, are multifaceted and complex. While researchers have made significant progress in understanding the condition, there is no single cause, and it often results from a combination of (3)
genetic, neurological, and environmental factors.
There is a strong genetic component to reading difficulties. Individuals with a family history of dyslexia are more likely to develop it themselves. Specific genes associated with language and reading skills have been identified as risk factors.
genetic factors
Brain imaging studies have revealed differences in the brain structure and function of individuals with reading difficulties. These differences are particularly evident in areas responsible for language processing, such as the left temporoparietal and occipitotemporal regions.
neurobiological factors
involves the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of spoken language. Difficulties in this area are often a key feature of dyslexia. It is linked to problems in the phonological areas of the brain, making it challenging to connect sounds to letters.
Phonological processing
Some individuals with reading difficulties have difficulty processing auditory information, which can affect their ability to distinguish and manipulate phonemes (the smallest units of sound in language).
Auditory Processing Deficits
For example, individuals may struggle to perceive and differentiate between letters and words due to visual processing challenges.
Visual Processing Deficits
While the primary causes are genetic and neurobiological, ??? can influence the severity of reading difficulties. These factors can include the quality of early education, exposure to language and reading, and the presence of other learning disabilities or environmental stressors.
environmental factors
A lack of ??? to spoken language and reading can delay language development and contribute to reading difficulties. Children who are not read to or engaged in language-rich environments may face greater challenges in acquiring reading skills.
early exposure
Inadequate or ineffective reading instruction can exacerbate reading difficulties. A well-structured and evidence-based reading instruction program can make a significant difference in how well a child with reading difficulties progresses.
educational factors
Reading difficulties often co-occur with other conditions, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or specific language impairment (SLI). These overlapping conditions can complicate the assessment and intervention process.
Co-occurring Conditions
The frustration and self-esteem issues that can arise from struggling with reading can further exacerbate reading difficulties. Anxiety or negative emotional responses to reading can hinder progress.
Psychosocial Factors
At least ??? % of children are diagnosed with learning problems related to reading and language skills.
85
Reading difficulties are ??? in nature.
neurodevelopmental
Reading difficulties don’t go away, but when identified early can be managed through?
individualized reading strategies and techniques
Common Types of Reading Difficulties (6)
- phonological deficit (decoding)
- naming speed deficit (fluency)
- comprehension deficit
- specific reading difficulties (SWRD)
- specific reading comprehension difficulties (SCRD)
- mixed reading difficulties (MRD)
A core problem in the phonological processing system of oral language
phonological deficit
Difficulty in identifying and differentiating the sounds or phonemes in a word
phonological deficit
Might struggle in matching letters to their respective sounds or phonemes
phonological deficit
naming speed deficit (fluency) is also known as
Rapid Automated Naming (RAN)
Difficulty in recognizing words, objects, pictures, colors, letters, or numbers quickly and accurately
naming speed deficit
Trouble in developing automatic word recognition of sight words and tend to spell phonetically but not accurately
naming speed deficit
