Midterm Flashcards
Fetal Stage
(2 months - birth)Sexual differentiation: in male at 9 weeks testes begin to produce male hormone called androgen and in female genitalia continues developing and reproductive system developing.Hormones also influence development of the brainbegins at 10 weeks; fetus braeathes in and expel amniotic fluid; at 12 weeks female feels movement; at 20 weeks moves lots and after this point fetal movement declines; at 32 weeks fetus spends 90% of its time sleepingPrenatal “breathing”
Freud’s Address
Berggasse 19, Vienna
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s theory focused on unconscious urges that move the person through a series of stages that shape our personality
Third Stage of Labor
uterus contracts to expel placenta and no pain now and this stage lasts 5-10 minutes; if an episiotomy done then doctor closes the incision.
Myelin Sheath
lFor neurons to work efficiently, they need to be coated with a fatty substance known as myelin.
lMyelination continues throughout childhood and adolescence.
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lIt wraps around the nerves to ensure the message is sent along a neuron.
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lMyelination begins in the lower centers at the base of the brain and continues to the higher centers of the cortex.
Second Stage of Labor
when cervix dilates to 10 centimeters; uterine contractions push baby down birth canal; about 11% of vaginal deliveries involve an episiotomy à surgical incision from back of vagina to anus to allow baby to exit the birth canal without tearing tissue
Baby out – one shoulder at a time; baby’s airway cleared, baby placed on mother’s stomach and umbilical cord clamped and cut – sometimes by the dad.
Cerebral Palsy Risk Factors
Risk Factors: premature birth, low birth weight. Maternal exposure to to toxins or infections, lack of oxygen during birth.This condition does not progressively get worse; we want to intervene early.Medications help control seizures and muscle spasms, physical therapy helps.A new medication might help by regrowing myelin on nerve cells in the brain. A lack of oxygen disrupts the nerve cell’s ability to create myelin – so cells die and this can result in cerebral palsy.
Agnosia
Agnosia is a neurological disorder that results in an inability to recognize objects (such as an apple or a key), persons, smells, or sounds despite normally functioning senses (such as visual or auditory). These deficits are not due to memory loss.
Albert Camus
French-Algerian novelist, essayist, and philosopher. Wrote The Stranger
Tay Sachs
lTay-Sachs disease is a rare disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances, called gangliosides, build up to toxic levels in the child’s brain and affect the function of the nerve cells. As the disease progresses, the child loses muscle control. Eventually, this leads to blindness, paralysis and death. Occurs in: Eastern and Central European Jewish communities (Ashkenazi Jews
lSymptoms are loss of motor skills, including turning over, crawling and sitting ; Exaggerated reactions when the baby hears loud noises; Seizures; Vision and hearing loss; Muscle weakness; Movement problems
Errors in Reaction
don’t attack the person making the assertion – just evaluate their idea; if you can’t defend your assertion – don’t shift the burden on the person challenging you to prove their point
Panning for Gold Thinking Style
Where you ask questions about what you read and hear It is an “interactive” approach; you interact and are challenged with the material presented to you
Thalamus
Router - sorts data
Freud’s view of the three parts of personality
Id: operates on the pleasure principle (present at birth, instinctual drives, infant wants when they want it; seeks immediate gratification) Ego: operates on the reality principle (child now more aware of reality of world; ego helps child negotiate between basic drives and the real world; ego represses instincts) Superego: operates on the morality principle (between ages 5 and 7 child learns moral principles)
Trimsomy 21
Down Syndrome
Extra 21st chromosome
Symptoms: intellectual disability; typical facial features; poor muscle tone, possible problems with heart, digestion, and hearing
M.I.S.T
Mentally Incompotent to Stand Trial
Dopamine
neurotransmitter that helps control the brain’s reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them.
Dopamine deficiency results in Parkinson’s Disease,
and people with low dopamine activity may be more prone to addiction
Empathy
The capacity to take the role of the other
Three Types of Errors in Critical Thinking
Errors of Perception Errors of Judgment Errors of Reaction
Autism 3 Distinctive Behaviors
difficulties with social interactionproblems with verbal and nonverbal communicationrepetitive, compulsive behavior or interests, restrictive behavior
Parietal Lobe
Dealing with and reacting to the environment
Cerebral Palsy
a group of brain based disorders affecting movement, balance and posture, speech, coordination.
Basal Ganglia
made up of nuclei controls motor control
Temporal Lobe
Language, hearing, memory
Somatosensory Cortex
Part of the parietal lobe Sensory information comes in
Autism Causes
genetic because it tends to run in families; boys 4.5 times more likely than girls; if one identical twin has it - -the other one will have it about 36% to 95% of the time, less for non-identical twin 0% to 31%We thought that mercury which is a preservative in the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine caused it – but more research found this is not a cause.
Brain Overview
Physiology = function 17 Different Brain Structures Human brains are bi-lateral Closer to Spinal Cord more primitive function
Brain Stem
Made of 3 parts: Medulla Oblongata Pons Midbrain 2 roles: Regulates circulation, breathing, digestion etc Routes sensory information
Frontal Lobe
Executive Functioning
Three Stages of Prenatal Development
Germinal Embryonic Fetal
Cystic Fibrosis
child’s body produces thick, sticky mucus that clog the lungs making the child vulnerable to pulmonary infections.
Theory
serve two important functions: They help us organize the knowledge that we already have. They help us make predictions about new information that we then can investigate and test Theories have high explanatory power
