Final Flashcards
The Self in Adolescents
The physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur during adolescence are reflected in changes in the self-concept. Self descriptions become more abstract and contain more psychological attributes; they understand they can feel differently around other people; they can form a coherent whole about themselves. Erikson’s stage of identity vs. role confusion Adolescent thinks about who they are and who they want to become. They try on different identities; flirt with Goth culture; new friends, hang out with “stoners” Positive vs. negative identity
Sympathy
concern for others’ welfare that often leads to helping or comforting them.
assimilation
When we can fit new experiences easily into our preexisting schemas
Development of Emotions
There are basic (primary) emotions and self-conscious (secondary) emotions In first year of life – infants show primary emotions.They recognize happiness in others before age 3 and recognize other basic emotions by age 4 or 5Secondary emotions like pride, shame and guilt develop later because they depend on awareness of self tat they don’t possess yet.Secondary emotions are called “Self-Conscious Emotions” Secondary emotions (self-conscious emotions) develop later (usually by age 3) because they depend on an awareness of self that very young children do not yet possess.
Telegraphic Speech
sounds like a telegram because the inconsequential words are left out – example is when child says:“want bear” instead of “I want bear”
Development of Secure Attachment
Attachment is an emotional bond that is central to the well-being of infants and children as they grow.Infant behaviors are designed to keep the parent nearby to satisfy needsWhen infants and toddlers feel secure they can explore.Secure base for exploration: Child feels safe to explore while parent is there, returns to parent for comfort when needed
Anxiety Disorders
a level of anxiety that interferes with normal functioning; involves anticipating events that may or may not occur.If it interferes with daily functioning – it will be called an anxiety disorderAnxiety Disorders are very common among teensHeredity, temperament, stressful experiences and biochemical factors all play a role.FMRI studies show the amygdala is hyperactive in people with anxiety disordersAnxiety Disorders like phobia include fear of flying, spiders, water, public speaking and heights. Desensitization helps teens with fears: construct list of fear provoking situations from least to most fearful; therapist guides kid through each one
Disequilibrium
occurs when you experience a state of confusion in which your schemas do not fit your experiences (if child has never seen a crab served in the shell so if the child is served something different than the food he/she is familiar with they won’t connect it with the schema for food - this is disequilibrium and it makes them uncomfortable; they try to make sense of this experience and return to a state of equilibration)
Giftedness
represents children who are functioning at a very high level and have an extraordinary amount of potential for their development
Intellectual Disability
: a type of intellectual impairment that begins early in life which includes deficits in intellectual, social and adaptive functioning.Between 1% and 3% of kids are diagnosedIncludes deficits in 3 areas of functioning: conceptual, social and practical.The more severe the intellectual disability – the more likely the child will have other disabilities such as impaired vision, hearing loss, cerebral palsy or seizure disorder.
Taxonomic Constraints
two objects with features in common can have a common name, but each object also needs an individual name; example: dogs and cats have 4 legs and fur and tail so they are both animals But they each have unique characteristics that distinguish them – and they can also have their individual names.
Self Esteem
how you feel about characteristics that you associate with yourself. Global self-esteem: feelings you have about your own general self-worth There may also be domain-specific forms of self-esteem Scholastic Competence: doing well in school Social Competence: you can make friends Behavioral: you act in ways you’re supposed to Athletic Competence: good at sports Physical Appearance: liking the way to look
Who wrote “The Trial” EC
Kafka
Consequences of Bullying
Being a victim of bullying has serious consequences like emotional, psychological and physical. Victims report being anxious and depressed and have a poor self-concept; feel lonely and powerless and can consider suicide. It can increase absenteeism and decline in academic performance. The victim could become violent against others. A victim can also become a bully later
Temperament
the general emotional style an individual displays in responding to events.It is a general emotional style that guides their tendency to respond in certain ways to a variety of events in the environment. Some people are timid, fearful, anxious, and some are fearless and outgoing.There is evidence to support we are born with a certain temperament based on our genetic inheritance.
Why is Chicago called a muscle city
Blue Collar Workers
Self Esteem During Childhood
Preschoolers tend to have high self-esteem. They are not yet able to engage in social comparison which emerges later during the school years. As children move from early childhood to middle childhood – their confidence declines because they compare themselves to peers and their self-evaluations become more realistic and drop from inflated levels of early childhood. Older children can take in information and use it ti change their predictions for the future. Children in middle childhood engage in more activities and there’s more opportunities for them to excel and feel good. High self-esteem associated with positive outcomes and low self-esteem with negative ones.
Theory of Core Knowledge
The theory that basic areas of knowledge are innate and built into the human brain
Executive Functioning
the aspect of thinking that allows us to plan ahead, organize our responses, control our attention, allot cognitive resources where they are needed.
Emotion Schemas
ways of thinking about emotions that affect how we experience and show emotionsExample: “Big boys don’t cry” in the U.S. is a schema.
Emotions
it is the body’s physiological reaction to a situation; your cognitive interpretation of a situation; communication to another person and your actions.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD):
disorder in which children are irritable and angry most of the time and in many different situations.Diagnosed in kids between 6-10 years of age; have severe and recurrent temper tantrums 3 or more times a week; these kids are irritable and angry most of the time. This is a new dx in DSM-5; more severe than ODD
Where does Elie sometimes shop to bring us gifts EC
99 Cents Store
Conduct Disorder (CD)
“repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate social norms or rules are violated” Aggressiveness to people and animals Property destructionDeceptiveness or theftSerious rule violationsRates: from 1 to 10% ; this is childhood onset and adolescent onsetEarly onset associated with inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems and temperament.More likely to affect boys than girls – 10 times more likelyIt is one of the most difficult disorders to treatWe try mutisystemic treatment; involve family ; look at family, peers school and therapist helps family build on strengths
Characteristics of bullies and victims
More bullies are male Male bullies tend to use physical intimidation and female bullies use emotional and psychological intimidation. The incidence of bullying peaks in middle school years (grades 6-8) and decreases through adolescence. Bullies often engage in deviant behaviors like smoking, drinking , carrying a weapon, stealing and damaging property. They have lower academic achievement, they have insecure attachments to parents, got poor parental supervision and they saw family violence in parents. Child feels unloved.
Freud’s Id, Ego, and Superego EC
ID - Primal instincts and desires. Held in unconscious. Operates “pleasure principle” Ego - Regulates a balance between ID and superego. Operates on “reality principle” Superego - moral view of the world. See’s things black and white. “operates on “moral principle”
Regulations of Emotions
Emotion Coaching” a parental style that teaches children how to understand their emotions and dealing with them.Emotion dismissing parents: minimize the importance of emotions and instead try to distract or cheer up their child so that the negative emotion will pass; this teaches the child to ignore their feelings.Example: child gets hurt and is upset – the parent minimizes it by saying “No big deal – it’s just a scratch” This tells the child he/she doesn’t know what he/she is feeling or that it’s not legitimate.Emotion coaching parents: help their children explore and understand their feelings– example is when parent says to child they understand it hurts when he/she gets hurt; validating the child’s feelings.
Speed of Light EC
186,000 mi per second
Visual Perspective Taking
ability to see from another person’s point of view Perspective-taking ability is also linked with culture; child holds up picture in front of themselves and expects you to see it. The ability to do visual perspective taking occurs between 18-24 months The cultural piece – kids from collectivist cultures who value interdependence more than individualism have a greater ability to take the perspective of others – such as from individualistic cultures who focus more on the self.
Emotional Intelligence
understanding and controlling one’s own emotions, understanding those of others, and being able to use all of this understanding to navigate human interactions successfully.Kids who can regulate their emotions and behaviors are seen as more socially and academically competent, agreeable and more resilient; kind, helpful and leaders.
Young Friendships
By the age of 3, children begin to show preferences for specific playmates and friendships begin to develop. Friendship is a mutual relationship now –closeness and some affection develops; comfortable with each other; resolve conflicts and they support each other. The friendship is mostly because they enjoy the same play activities
Reversibility
the ability to reverse mental operations; if contents of a short, wide glass are poured into a tall, thin glass the water level will be higher in the second glass and child thinks second glass has more water; if kid has mastered reversibility she will understand the amount of water is the same. Concrete Operations Stage
Non Assigned Genders
Transgender, transsexual and gender nonconforming individuals develop a gender identity that does not match their assigned or natal gender. Transgender: identification with a gender other than your natal gender. Transsexual: someone who has or is planning to become the other sex, possibly but not always, including hormonal or surgical interventions to make this transition. Gender nonconforming: individuals who do not identify or conform to gender norms for either males or females. Cisgender: people who do identify with their natal sex Gender dysphoria: diagnosis made only if the individual is distressed about his or her variant gender identity.
Cooing
Starts between 2 and 4 monthsSoft vowel sounds like ooh and aahBeginnings of conversational rulesStarting to learn how to use languageBeginning to laugh
accommodation
When we need to change our schemas to fit new experiences
Gender Schema Theory
Gender schema contains all the things that individual connects with gender Bem believes that gender schemes come from the society Individuals can be androgynous (having characteristics of masculinity and femininity)
Saddness and Depression
Sadness is a normal response to loss and disappointment.Depression: goes beyond sadness to feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, a lack of pleasure, sleep and appetite disturbances, and possibly suicidal ideas or plans.Depression is more common in teens than younger children and in adolescent girls than in adolescent boys. Girls experience difficult pubertal changes, gain weight and girls socialized to internalize feelings while boys act out feelings.In DSM 5 depression is long lasting and severe enough to affect the person physically, emotionally, cognitively and socially and interferes with functioning in daily living. Depression in children prior to adolescence is rare; affecting about 1% of children; can be diagnosed as early age 3Incidence of depression increases throughout adolescence and girls are 3 times more likely than boys to be diagnosed.Adolescents who are depressed will likely also have an anxiety disorder; rates of co-occurrence can be as high as 75%
Intersectionism
incorporates behaviorism and nativism; kids biological readiness to learn language and their experiences with language come together to bring about language development. According to this theory– language is created socially; interaction between kid and adult. Example: kid says “more cookie” and mom/dad says “Oh – you want another cookie” Parent now models better language proficiency that kid can now imitate.
3 Types of bullies
1) those who are popular, have social intelligence to manipulate and achieve dominance 2) those who are popular but have average social intelligence 3) those who are unpopular and have lower levels of intelligence who se hostile intent in ordinary social interactions
Zone of proximal development (ZPD):
he let kids perform tasks on their own – then with a helper; the difference between what he/she does on own and what does with helper is called ZPD
Critiques of Piaget
Ages and stages are not necessarily accurate.Stages are not necessarily distinct from one another.Do his ideas stand up across cultures? In general – they do but they emerge at later ages.
Preoperational Stage
(2-7 years); Piaget second stage using mental symbols but do not yet think logically and their thinking is egocentric.In this stage, children do not yet have logical thought, and instead think magically and egocentrically Fantasy Play: a banana they are holding can be imagined to be a telephone and they talk into it
Three Ring Model of Giftedness
a conception of giftedness as the intersection of above average intellectual ability, creativity, and task commitment.Can include optimism, courage, physical and mental energy and a sense of destiny.Talent Development Approach: TDASome think this gift is permanent because kid is born with it; then there’s not much we can do to nurture or develop it more.TDA sees giftedness as a characteristic that can be supported and nurtured by environment; challenge is for schools to design an environment that can accomplish this goal.
Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theory of Gender Development
How do parents react when a boy plays with dolls or a girl wants to play football? Parents reinforce sex-typed play activities and household chores. Boys are discouraged from showing feminine behaviors. Masculine girls are expected to outgrow their characteristics. Imitation of sex-typed models also plays a big role. Kids are exposed to many gender roles that they imitate. Male superheroes outnumber females ones by 2 to 1 Male superheroes show anger and female superheroes are more concerned about their appearance.
Schemas
cognitive frameworks that place concepts, objects, or experiences into categories or groups of associations; it’s how kids make sense of the world; each of us has a unique way of organizing experiences based on schemas developed; how do you categorize shoes? By color. Does it have laces, type of heels)
Rothbart’s model of Temperament
temperament involves biologically-based differences in reactivity and self-regulation, but these characteristics are influenced by experience and can show change over time.
SES and language
SES and Language Development Study followed 42 families over 2.5 years and found the following among welfare families, working class and families with parent holding professional jobs:Findings: amount of language kids exposed to was striking:Parents on welfare used 600 words an hour with their toddlersWorking class parents used 1,300 Parents with professional jobs used 2,100By the time the kids were 3 years old- children in professional families were exposed to 8 million more words on average than children in welfare families.Also looked at quality of language spoken and interactive nature of the communication, professional families were more responsive to their kids communication. At 18 months – kids from disadvantaged families show less comprehension of simple words
Development of Secure Attachment (History)
Freud and behaviorism are both drive reduction theories. Hunger is a drive that is satisfied by food from the mother.Behaviorism: classical conditioning of the mother (neutral stimulus) with the food (unconditioned stimulus) to produce satisfaction.Freud: baby develops a cathexis of the mother because of the food she provides.Cathexis means concentrating mental or emotional energy on one person or object.Therefore, they concluded that feeding causes attachment.
Child-Directed Speech
Mom: oh, so you’re hungry, are you?Baby kicksMom: yes, you are hungry, well, let’s give you some milk.Baby coosSo mommy was right, it’s milk you want, should we change your diaper first?Baby kicksMom – Right, ok a clean diaper. That’s what you want, good girl. This back and forth exchange is preparing kid for later speech.
Stand and Deliver
where a math teacher Jaime Escalante stays after school, on weekends to help his Hispanic students from the LA barrio learn calculus.
Ethnic Differences in School
An achievement gap exists between students from different ethnic, racial and socioeconomic backgroundsWhite students on average outperform minority students and kids from higher socioeconomic status outperform minority kids from poor families. The reasons – they are based on our expectations for different children. Expectancy effects- the effect that the expectations of others can have one the child’s self-perception and behavior. Self-fulfilling prophecy: The process by which expectations or beliefs lead to behaviors that help ensure that you fulfill the initial prophecy or expectation
Poverty on Academic Performance
Childhood poverty is associated with difficulties for children in all areas of development, but the negative impact on cognitive functioning and academic achievement have been most clearly documented.Recent statistics reveals that 22% of American children (one in four) grow up in poverty.In 2013 32% of kids in poor families were White, 24% Black and 35% Hispanic. Problems associated with poverty include:Poor health because of unavailability of health care, unsafe living conditions, poor diet, little after school activities in poor communities, high rates of depression in the parents, stress in parents contributing to marital discord, safety concerns resulting in kids not playing outdoors.Parents living in poverty less likely to provide educational stimulation in the home, they have lower expectations of their kids achievement.Teachers are likely to have lower expectations of minority kids educational attainment
Where is Swaziland EC
South Africa
Emotional Development and PLay
Freud says play is expression of child’s inner emotional conflicts. Fantasy play is linked with more understanding of the emotions of self and others. Example: child becomes mean mother with dolls to express her frustration with parental discipline. This gives child sense of control that helps her deal with her sense of helplessness; allows her to express in play emotions she can’t in real life. We want kids to express themselves in fantasy play – they better understand themselves and others as adults.
What is the last intelligence gardner added to his list
Existential
Mutual Exclusivity
there is only one name for an object, so any other name must refer to a different object.
Emotional Intelligence contributes to how much success in life? EC
75%
Who is Franz Kafka EC
Author who wrote “The Metamorphoses”
Perceptual Bias EC
When your expectations of something being true makes you believe it’s true
Play Therapy
a way to help children work through difficult feelings with the help of an adult who is trained to understand play as a type of communication. Most effective when parents involved.
Types of Temperament
Easy: positive mood, easy adaptation to change, and regularity and predictability in patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination.Difficult: more negative mood, frustration and intense responses, slow adaptation to change, and irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminationSlow-to-warm: slow adaptation to new experiences and moderate irregularity in eating, sleeping, and elimination.Goodness of Fit: how well a child’s temperament characteristics match with the demands of the child’s environment. Example: if infant doesn’t like a lot of noise and crowds a sensitive parent tries to avoid these situations or takes the infant to these situations after the infant is rested or fed and is comfortable.
Parten’s Stages of Social Play
Unoccupied behavior: looking around at whatever occurs; no engagement Onlooker behavior: watching others play Solitary independent play: playing with toys that are different than those being used by other kids Parallel play: playing next to; but not interacting with others Associative play: playing with other children; sharing toys, no overall organization of the group toward a common goal. Cooperative play: playing as part of a group toward a common goal like constructing a building, building a house
Gender and Play
At age 3 – boys prefer to play with boys. Becomes stronger in middle childhood (ages 6-12) – especially for boys. Same thing for girls: reason is because they both have different kinds of play. Girls don’t like rough kind of play like boys; boys like games with competition and dominance and girls like self-disclosure and agreement. Girls like to interact in pairs or small groups; boys in large groups. Large groups involve cooperation; competition, conflict and coordination and small groups involve intimate connection, attention to individual needs and feelings of members. Gender segregation – possible reasons different play styles different communication and response patterns There may also be cross-cultural differences in the ways that boys and girls play, as well.
Circle of Bullying
Phinney Stages of Ethnic Identity Development
